Thursday 19 April 2012

A summary of "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen.

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This is a play written in 187 by the Norwegian poet and playwright Henrik Ibsen. It conveys the life of “the perfect couple” of the 1th century yet goes into more depth in revealing the troubles and sufferings sometimes found in this ideal lifestyle. When first released, the play was a scandal, shocking audiences, due solely to the fact that it was so correct and truthful. The portrayal of Nora’s character was scandalous, for it showed all the characteristics (naivet� and childlike haste) of the ideal middle-class housewife as ways of achieving power and independence; a very shocking aspect to men and women of the 1th century as it was normal for men to be in charge of the household and women to play the role of housewife and not cause any trouble. So shocking was the play, that it was condemned as a degenerate attack upon traditional family values.


Nora is the main character of the play, the main action and scandal takes place between her and her husband of eight years, Torvald Helmer, a lawyer who has just been promoted to manager in the bank where he works. The other characters that appear include Dr Rank, a good family friend who comes to the house at least once a day; Nils Krogstad, a lawyer who works in the same bank as Torvald; Christine Linde, a school friend of Nora’s who has come to visit Nora, hoping to find work; the nurse and Nora and Torvald’s three young children. The entire play takes place in Torvald’s house over the Christmas period.


The relationship between Nora and Torvald is a very uneven one. Torvald’s tone is that of a father talking to a young child. Ibsen writes typically in a way that the characters might talk in relation to their position and their relationship with each other. For example, it would have been expected at that time for a woman to treat her husband as a superior, to show respect and loyalty to her husband and abide by his rules. However, the way that Torvald speaks to Nora shows that he is using her, just like how Torvald always refers to his wife as a skylark, and in the third act when he says, “playtime shall be over and lessons begin”. It would be thought that by this, Torvald would be referring to the children, Nora even asks whose lessons he is referring to, and it is quite shocking when he says hers and the children’s. This shows how much he considers her as a child, just like how he always calls her a “skylark” symbolizes the way that Torvald always teaches his wife as a child.


We discover a breakthrough in Nora’s character, who has an epiphany towards the end of the play. We know that at the time that Nora’s father was dying, Torvald was seriously ill. This was due to overwork, and to save his life, he needed rest. So Nora took him away on a trip to Italy, which she told Torvald her father had help pay for, as they did not have the money. We learn in fact, that the money was not from her father, and he had had no idea of what was going on, he was dying at the time, and Nora had in fact borrowed the money from Krogstad. In order to borrow this money, Nora had to get her father to sign the bond drafted by Krogstad. But she made a mistake, in giving away that she had forged her father’s signature, by dating the document the second of October, three days after her father’s death. She did not tell Torvald that she borrowed the money; she knew how much he did not approve of her borrowing the money. Krogstad sees the mistakes and confronts Nora, forcing her to reveal the truth, and threatening to reveal her secret to Torvald if she does not try to get Torvald to give Krogstad his job back, who had been dismissed as a result of forgery himself. It is through all this lying and playing that Nora sees that she no longer belongs in this household, and it is at this time that Nora has her epiphany. She realises that she has no control whatsoever in the family and no purpose, for all her life, she has followed her father, in what he has said and done, and now, she has been passed to her husband, as if she was a doll, being passed from person to person “our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll wife just as at home I was Papa’s doll child; and here the children have been my dolls”, she wants to discover who she is, and to do so, she has to leave.


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The play is short, only three acts long. Yet it is well written and easy to understand. Ibsen writes using language that would have been used by the type of people at the time of the play, his works related to real people in real conflicts, such as A Doll’s House can be interpreted as an expression of the theme women’s rights. At the time of it’s release, the play was outrageous, not only because it was going against all people believed was right, but because of the portrayal of Nora, and the way she expresses herself. For example, when she is talking to Dr Rank and Christine in the first act and says “I’d should just love to say- well I’ll be damned!” not only was this unheard of from a woman at this time, but also this can be seen as a way for Nora to express her desire to rebel against her husband.


There are a lot of themes covered in this play, such as the freedom or liberty the characters take in expressing their feelings for one-another, and how the audience is aware of it all. Such as how in act two when Nora and Rank are having a conversation and Nora is flirting with him, showing him her stockings and her legs, he tells her how he loves her; she is shocked at this, she never imagined he would love her and tell herm besides, she does not want to hear of it, she is already happily married to Torvald.


There is a lot of symbolism in the play, such as the black crosses left on the card by Dr Rank, they signify death; the costume Nora dresses up in to dance the Tarantella, symbolizes the fact that Nora is pretending to enjoy her life, while the Tarantella symbolises her agitation and struggle with Krogstad and her husband. The macaroons that Nora is seen eating at the beginning of the play symbolize her deceit towards her husband. The letterbox and the letter in the final act in which Krogstad is revealing everything to Torvald about the money Nora borrowed, both symbolise a trap for Nora and the cause for her failure. At the end of the play, when Nora is about to leave Torvald, she gives him her wedding ring back, and asks for his back to, this signifies the end of the marriage.


In this play, we see that Nora experiences an epiphany towards the end of the play. This epiphany is when she discovers that throughout the last eight years of her life, she has been blind to who is in control of the marriage. When she realizes that she has no power to make Torvald love her “You have never loved me. You have only thought it pleasant to be in love with me” (Act III), she realises she never had or is in control. This is the epiphany, where she leaves Torvald and the play ends.





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