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I have once heard about a poet. His name has already escaped my mind, but one of his poems has impressed me very much. Very simple and explicit, the poem, which is entitled Life, contains only one word Net. Maybe at that time, the poet himself just wanted to depict the complexity of life, the relations among the people, the gains, the pains and the meaning of life. It is just like a net, entangled together and hard to make it clear. The amazing thing is that that concise poem accidentally, however, exactly delineates the life of the present information age. The word Net here does not simply express the conventional meaning, but a completely new thing, the Internet.
Nowadays the Internet has stretched its antennae to every corner of this world. More than three hundred million people surf the Internet now. The Internet contains so many things that no one on this planet has ever doubted that it will dominate the whole world in the future. No one can live without the Internet. In one word, it has already merged into people’s daily life.
Among the numerous fields that the Internet covers, one of them recently has become so popular that everyone seems to pay attention to it. This is E-Business. It is no longer a creation, but it has changed the way people live.
And, this paper will focus on this topic, introducing the features and development of E-Business and expressing my personal opinions about it, about its past, about its present and about its future.
E-Business
During the past few years, the Internet has evolved from a scientific network only, to a platform that enables a new conception of business. The first wave of electronic business was fundamentally an exchange of information. But as time passed, more and more types of businesses have become available electronically. Nowadays, we can buy goods online, book holidays or have texts translated over the Internet in an instant. Home banking, for example, is one application that is already provided by most banks around the world. Looking up your balance, transferring money and other transactions are done every day by millions of people. Public administration has discovered the Internet as a means to talk to the general public at election times. And it will not be too long a time before we see general elections decided on the Internet.
Defining E-business
Before we talk about E-business, we must first make the definition of E-business clear. What is E-business? Only talking about the things mentioned above is too general. Let’s listen to a story first. A student who graduated from a high school was leaving for the university where he was going to spend the next four years. His mother got everything ready for him and saw him off at the railway station. Suddenly she remembered that she had forgotten to buy him a new bicycle. Then she immediately ordered one online. And when her son got to the university, he received the bicycle at the same time. From this story, we may conclude that, briefly speaking, E-business means doing business electronically or buying and selling goods via the Internet.
One of the first to use the term E-business was IBM in 17 . At that time they launched their first thematic campaign built around the term. Until then e-commerce was the buzzword. The shift in terms also means a shift in paradigm. Until then selling was the only business that people did on the web. Broadening the approach to allow more types of businesses on the web created the new term e-business. E-commerce is just one aspect of e-business like e-franchising, e-mailing, e-marketing. E-business is about using the convenience, availability and worldwide reach to enhance existing businesses or create new virtual businesses. IBM defines E-business as “a secure, flexible and integrated approach to delivering differentiated business value by combining the systems and processes that run core business operations with the simplicity and reach made possible by the Internet technology. ?
Going online
Why are today’s companies so keen, so enthusiastic about going on the Internet and doing business online? Why are there so many dot-com companies coming out like the bamboo roots after spring roots? Here are some of the important reasons.
Expanding market reach
One of the major advantages to the Internet is its global availability. If you have a little company, it is quite simple to expand the market reach beyond your geographic location and your current customer segment. Barnes & Noble, one of the largest chains of bookshops in the United States were forced to open a branch on the Internet, because they felt the pressure of Amazon.com , which is selling books over the Internet only and attracted more and more people who traditionally went into the shops of Barnes & Noble.
Generating visibility
Another important goal, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (the so-called SMEs) is to gain more visibility. Generating visibility is a substantial gain for every company. The better known your company is, the more people will be interested in doing business with you. The Internet allows a company to present itself at very low cost. All you need to do is setting up a new web page and include prices, products and any necessary information, which costs very little and the cost for reproduction is practically zero. You do not need to replicate a catalogue, a brochure or a flyer. Put it onto the Internet and it replicates itself.
Responsiveness
The Internet can easily support increased responsiveness to your customers. Increasing responsiveness to customers and partners is very important in tying customers to a company. Being responsive gives customers the feeling that they are treated well by the company. Responsiveness also means that when you give out e-mail addresses to your customers, somebody needs to answer these e-mails fast and competently. Although this feature nowadays is must for all companies, it was something revolutionary a few years ago. Instead of calling your logistics partner and asking what happened to your goods, you could just go to their web site and check yourself, which means a cost reduction for yourself.
Offering new services
Offering new services is also a reason for going online. Introducing new services in traditional markets is difficult and expensive. The Internet on the other hand offers the possibility to introduce new services with very little start-up costs. New services should not only be provided to customers and partners, but also to employees.
Cost reduction
This is one of the preeminent reasons for going online. The cost for real estate, service support and production can be reduced greatly through the use of Internet. Printer manufacturers such as Canon and Epson use the Internet to distribute printer drivers and updates. The cost for replicating of printer drivers and updates they sell is a very large sum in the end. The replication cost on the Internet is nearly zero. This results in more content customers and less overhead.
Strengths and advantages of E-business
E-business has become very popular recently. Then why on earth is it so attractive? If you pay a little attention to it, you may easily find some advantages to E-business and these cannot be matched by the conventional approaches to doing business.
First of all, by doing trade via the Net, businesses can expand their customer base, and even expand their product line. The limitations of factory are now negligible, for the whole world has become a big workshop. You do not need to produce the goods in one factory at one place and then transport them to various places all over the world. Nowadays seldom are products made of parts from only one country, but instead, from quite a number of countries and territories.
Secondly, business-to-business sellers can grow closer relationships. The procedure of doing business can be greatly simplified. They do business one to one through the Internet and all the middlemen can now be canceled. The major result of this is the enhancement of efficiency.
Third, products can be sampled via the Web fast, easily and free of charge. Highly developed as the modern advertising is, its influence is still quite limited. Therefore it is by no means an easy job for corporations to expand their market, even for those powerful multinational corporations. In this way, E-business can assist to do the advertising, for the Internet can reach every corner on this planet, provided there is a computer.
Last but not least, the Internet reduces the number of media transfers that are necessary to transport information. The conventional mass media, to some extent, is really inefficient. The Internet can overcome this problem without difficulty. For a corporation, it only needs to post all the information on the Net, and customers all over the world will obtain this information easily.
Concerns on the Internet
However, in this world, nothing is perfect, and the Internet is not an exception. There do exist some drawbacks to the Internet that cause great concern and impede its swift growth.
Here are some obvious and influential ones.
First the competition is growing from a local to a worldwide one. Now by doing business on the Net, what a company faces are no longer the local rivals or the domestic ones, but those from all over the world. You compete with the international competitors openly. In addition, a customer can compare the offerings of a certain company with another one much more easily. So the pressure is much heavier and numerous small companies may be driven out of business due to the fierce competition.
Next that once information has been published on the Internet, it becomes easy to copy it and use it for another business. Since the information is right there on the Net, everyone can download or duplicate it without payment, and illicitly copy a company’s method of doing business. Therefore the initiator may suffer a great loss, or even worse lose its position in the market. The best example of this in China may be the imitation of Dell by the computer manufacturer Legend . Legend copies the direct mode of doing business from Dell and has received a very satisfactory return. Although Dell has made a remarkable achievement in China, now it must face the challenge from Legend.
Then we need to pay attention to the fact that many companies are afraid that their customers won’t accept the new media. Fast as the Internet and E-business develops, still there are many people who are resistant to this new thing. Therefore the effect of product advertisement on the Net may be exerted at a discount.
Next, the New Economy makes it easier to compare prices. Prices will drop, so quality and extra services become more and more important. Because of the fierce competition, companies have to reduce the prices in order to maintain a substantial market share and to attract customers. Then when the price can no longer be reduced, the quality and extra services become their only weapons against competitors. This will impose a high standard requirement on companies and only those that can perform well will survive, exactly the same as the law of nature proposed by Darwin�Nature selects.
Finally, most companies are very concerned about security on the Internet. Actually this is not the only the concern of the companies, but also of the customers. For when you do business on the Internet, everything is open. Besides this, most of the payments are done through the credit card. As a result, there is a possibility that the password can be stolen and the loss would be extraordinarily great. What makes it worse, there are now innumerable hackers, most of them experts at computer technology, who can easily destroy a website. This can do great harm to the normal business order on the Net. Most countries, especially those developing ones, have not established effective legal regulations to supervise this field of industry.
Amazon.com
The legend of this online kingdom
Ok, so far we have talked about so many tedious things about E-business, about its features, advantages and concerns. Now let’s see something more concrete and interesting�the famous online bookshop, Amazon.com.
If you walk the streets in the United States, and randomly ask people one question Which company do you know is famous for E-business, nine out of every ten people will definitely give you the answer Amazon.com. That’s for sure.
Several years ago, when Bill Gates, king of the Microsoft Empire, was fomenting the whole world with his advanced Windows, a young guy from Wall Street in New York was driving his shabby van to the west, seeking his own dream of tomorrow. This was Jeff Bezos. Several years later, the Amazon.com has reached a market value of billion US dollars and as the founder and CEO of this online company, his personal value is estimated to be approximately 7 billion US dollars. The whole world is excited by the success of this young man and a new epoch begins.
But before we start to talk about this legendary person, let’s first see some anecdotes about his childhood. Triggered by his grandfather, a retired Atomic Energy Commission manager, Bezos dreamed at age 14 of being an astronaut or physicist and filled his family garage with science and engineering projects. By age 16, he could fix windmills, use an arc welder and castrate cattle. In his late grade school years, Bezos became fascinated with the Infinity Cube, which used a set of motorized mirrors to let the user stare into infinity. When his mother said its $0 cost was too expensive, he bought the pieces cheaply and built it himself.
Maybe in some people’s points of view, these are quite ordinary and a lot of young people can do it, maybe even better than Bezos. However, it is just these trivial things that fostered Bezos?personality and capability, and foretold his successful future career.
Actually, Bezos was very outstanding even in university. He received a bachelor’s degree of Electronical Engineering and Computer Science from Princeton University. Then he began his career on Wall Street. He used to develop computer systems and acted as hedge fund manager for Bankers Trust Co. and D.E. Shaw & Co. on Wall Street. He attained two posts of vice managers in four years, proving that he was a genius at doing business and managing. However, a small thing changed his whole life, and even the way of life of the world. One day, when he discovered that the Internet was growing at ,00 percent annually, he knew it was his opportunity and he needed to do something. He and his wife, MacKenzie, moved to Seattle and began online business out of their rented suburban house.
History always seems incredibly alike and interesting. Just as Yahoo.com was founded by Michael Yang and the Hewlett and Packard Company was founded by Hewlett and Packard, Amazon.com was also born in a small and shabby garage.
Located in Seattle, Washington, Amazon.com opened its virtual doors in July 15 with a mission to use the Internet to transform book buying into the fastest, easiest, and most enjoyable shopping experience possible. At the very beginning, Amazon.com only sold books online and no one paid any attention to this newborn baby. Those Internet companies considered it just another negligible vendor on the Web and those mega-bookstores ignored it, thinking that it was only a trivial button on a brilliant evening gown.
However, reality has the last say. Because of its considerate service, inviting price, large variety of books and tremendous convenience, more and more customers were attracted to visit this website and buy books online. Only four years after its foundation, this online bookstore had grown beyond the two biggest bookstores in the United States, Barnes and Noble and Borders, with a market value exceeding the total value of these two. Being cornered by this giant, Barnes and Noble had no choice but to establish its own bookstore online. But how could it compete with Amazon.com?
Today, Amazon.com is the place to find and discover anything you want to buy online. Its range of products sold on the Internet is not only limited to books, but has extended to many other products, from toys to CDs, from DVDs to gifts, from medicines to cosmetics, so on and so on. Or in other words, we may buy almost everything that can be found on this planet. The miracle lies in that whatever Amazon.com does, it turns out to be very successful. Only four months after it began to sell CDs online, two giants of audio and video products in the United States were so scared that they merged with each other to compete with Amazon.com. There were many other cases of this. Thus Jeff Bezos has become the new idol of many young Americans and the Godfather of E-business.
However, Americans are not interested in skin-deep descriptions, they are more enthusiastic about facts, or rather, numbers and statistics.
Well, now let’s see the following chart. They may give you a more profound and concrete understanding of its success.
Profile of Amazon.com
Date of foundation July, 15
Date of issuing of stocks May, 17
Biggest individual shareholder Bezos (41%)
Total volume of books online .7 million (the year 000)
Increasing rate of books 0,000 per week
Personnel ,000 (the year 001)
Market value 0 billion
Net assets 7 billion
Customer accounts 6. million
Number of customers 1.1 million
Countries visited More than 160
Number of copartners 0.6 million
How they do
Before we look into it, let’s first examine two completely different ways of going shopping.
You take a bus to the nearest supermarket, wandering among piles of goods and looking for what you want. You walk from one aisle to another. Sometimes the assistant’s help is necessary, for quite often you may get lost in the huge variety of goods. When you finish, the most annoying thing comes, you have to wait in a long queue for a long time to pay, growing impatient and destroying the good mood of going shopping. Then after paying the money, you, carrying bags full of your harvests, big and small, go back home on an overcrowded bus.
In comparison, you stay at home, sitting in front your computer on a comfortable chair, with soft music on. What you need to do is to surf the relevant websites, browse the lists of goods and look for what you like. Then you click the mouse and pay by your credit card, and then it is done. You just wait at home and your goods will arrive at door in several hours or for certain product several days at most.
Obviously, the later one is much better than the former. Due to its unmatchable advantages, this has become the trend and this is the very way by which those online companies attract customers.
Amazon.com is the expert at this. Starting from a small online bookstore, now it is a matchless giant of E-business, with its business range covering almost every field. Its mode of business is completely different from those conventional companies. Instead of buying products from manufacturers first then selling these goods to customers, Amazon.com turns the order around. Customers first order the goods online and then Amazon.com will buy these goods from those manufacturers accordingly, with which it has already set up a very good relationship. In this way, the cost can be greatly reduced. Amazon.com has two big distributing centers in the United States. When the goods arrive at the centers, packers pack the goods and then porters will send them to customers. This is the basic sequence of how an online purchase is made.
Although Amazon.com declares that it is totally different from other companies, for it does not have factories and shops, it still has to establish distributing centers and the goods must by sent manually. So far this cannot be changed.
What they offer
Selling books has already made Amazon.com famous and successful. However, Bezos was not satisfied with this. He saw far beyond this and believed that more and more opportunities were waiting for him. Therefore, he gradually enlarged the range of products and services, merging and buying other companies without any hesitation.
Now you can buy almost anything you want at Amazon.com. Besides books, you may search for CDs, DVDs, gifts, toys, medicines, cosmetics, clothes, electric appliance, so on and so on. The variety is definitely beyond imagination and is incomparably more varied than conventional stores.
Along with the extensive catalog of products, Amazon.com also offers a wide variety of other shopping services and partnership opportunities. For instance, the customers may see an online movie. What makes it different is that you can choose any movie and see it at any time.
Some other services cater to different demands of customers and make this website outstanding. Here are some examples to make you clearer. You may sign up for Special Occasion Reminder service, and then youll never forget to get a gift for that special someone again. You may become an Amazon.com Associate and earn money by selling books, CDs, DVDs, videos, and many other products on your website. You may sign up for Delivers and E-mail subscription service, to receive the latest reviews of exceptional new titles in categories that interest you.
Maybe the following sentence will make you understand better Opportunities are just waiting for you there; it is your affair whether to grasp them or let them slip through your fingers.
What they believe
Just like any successful companies around the globe, Amazon.com has its own corporation culture. Here are the basic principles that all the employees value and lead them to greater success.
First of all, the customers are King. So the company makes every effort to improve the services they offer to retain the old customers and to attract new ones.
Still let’s see an example of how they make buying convenient. If you want to buy the book Godfather, you just need to type the title of the book, then all the latest information, the contents, the price, the discount and even the price on other websites, will be listed in front of you. If you cannot remember the title, you can also type some keywords mentioned in the book, although this seldom happens, then the website will list all the relevant information in detail. Or even worse, if you know nothing about the book, but the color of the cover, this will do. Isn’t that amazing?
Mistakes cannot be avoided. Sometimes if it is not the company’s fault, the shippers will also apologize to the customers. Even more, if you are not content with the contents of the book, you can even send the book back and get the refund.
Why do they do all these things that others do not? Because they believe that the company will not survive without the support from customers. Actually what they compete for with other companies is nothing but customers. So they will do whatever they can to attract them.
Secondly, they understand profoundly that the most precious assets of a company are the employees, the talents. So the company tries every means to retain these talented people. Bezos himself is famous for being kind and intimate to his employees. They can chat equally. They can exchange opinions freely. All the staff is satisfied with their working environment and in this Bezos?personal charm plays an important role. He makes the employees feel that they are all masters of the company and have done something or have contributed something to the success of the company.
Of course, it is difficult to enter this company. Anyone who wants to become a member of Amazon.com has to pass very strict tests and interviews. We can say that all that work there are elites.
Third, they believe that the scale of a company is critical. That is the very reason why Bezos always pours huge amounts of money to expand their company and enlarge their business. He ignored the fact the company is still in the red, yet it never hesitates to annex the companies that they think are promising and profitable. The ambitious Bezos wants to stretch his tentacles to every field. And the miracle is that whatever Amazon.com does, it turns out to be a success.
Besides, the company highlights its brand. They believe that it is easy to establish a brand but difficult to popularize and maintain it. As a result, Amazon.com will spend 0% of their annual income on advertisement to increase the influence of their brand and make customers much more familiar with the website. This has been proved a complete success.
Insubstantial or prosperous
No doubt, Amazon.com has done a splendid job. However, many people see it with a critical eye. They are doubtful and concerned about its future. Many experts say that this entire prosperous scene is nothing but a mass of foam, whose bubbles will sooner or later burst and then nothing will remain. These doubts and concerns are not groundless. Let’s have a look at its stocks.
Amazon.com first listed its stock on NASDAQ in May 17 , at a price of about $. Then by the beginning of the year 18, the price rose slightly, no more than $10. However, after one year’s advertising and expansion, the price rocketed to $00 by the end of 18. Everyone was shocked. However, this was not the stop. The price once exceeded $400. People began to doubt. Could this be true? Was this real or insubstantial? Even Bezos himself advised people not to buy its stocks; for it was so risky that no one could tell what would happen the next day.
The fall in price at last arrived. Now its price is less than $0. Most people hold a wait-and-see attitude. They hope Amazon.com can squeeze out all the foam and come to ground again.
Besides the inflated value in the stock market, one thing cannot be ignored. That is the fact that the company is always in the red. So far Amazom.com has had a deficit every year. And the company’s business is so broad that it almost covers every single field. People wonder that if things go on like this, whether the company will soon collapse.
On the contrary, Bezos is quite confident and optimistic about the present situation. He says that now it is not yet time for them to make a profit. They must continue to invest to reach a large enough scale and Amazon.com will have a profitable future.
The Amazon is the longest river in this world and has the largest drainage area. But what will become of Amazon.com? Will it be the largest and most successful online company? Will it become the real Amazon in its domain? We do not know. But one thing is undeniable. Amazon.com is the pioneer of E-business and will leave an ineffaceable footprint in history.
E-business in China
Present Situation
Maybe my view is not correct, but to me, E-business just looks like a kind of cancer, vigorous and diffused. China, as the world’s largest developing country, cannot say no to it. Actually, E-business, a new thing from the west, reached China several years ago. However, the situation here is a little awkward. People, from experts to entrepreneurs, all admire E-business and believe that it will have a promising future. But the present development is not yet satisfactory. Or in other words, it is so weak that people can do nothing about it. In the United States, the total annual trade value has now reached billions of dollars. However, in China, it is only millions of RMB. What a disparity!
The website, 8848.com , may be the most noted online company doing E-business in China. With its headquarters in Beijing, it is now the biggest in the field and Juntao Wang, the CEO of the company says that they want to be the leader of E-business in China and are making every effort to achieve this goal. Maybe from its name, 8848, the height of Mt. Everest, we can see his goal quite clearly.
But first let’s see what you can do on this website. 8848.com mainly deals with the business among enterprises. Companies can apply to appear on this website, to which they can add links to their own official websites and more importantly; they can directly publish the latest information about their companies and the products online. In this way, more opportunities and convenience can be provided to companies, so these companies can do business more easily and efficiently. This is one of the modes of E-business.
What 8848.com is endeavoring to do is to promote the modes of BB (business to business) and BC (business to customer), which respectively means that enterprises do business with other enterprises and enterprises do business directly with individuals. These are the trends of E-business nowadays all over the world and CC (customer to customer) is also the ideal mode of doing business in the future. Difficult as it is now in China, it is developing at tremendous speed and experts predict flourishing prospects.
Another well-known online company is Eguo.com . This is a completely online retailer, resembling Amazon.com to some degree. By surfing this website, you just need to click the mouse to choose your satisfactory goods, then someone from the company will telephone you to confirm whether you will certainly purchase the goods, then some porters in red weskits will send the goods to your door within the guaranteed time and collect the money.
The company quite underscores the quality of the service that they offer to their customers, for they know that customers are much more important to an online company, compared with conventional companies. Consequently Eguo.com provides the customers with a special service�One Hour Service. With this service, customers can get what they buy online in one hour’s time if the goods are included in this service. This successful service has become widespread. Now the company has taken another step to expand its business and is building chain stores around Beijing city, thus combining E-commerce with conventional business.
One more thing that makes Eguo.com advanced and popular is the online payment. If you have a Merchant Bank visa, you can pay via the Internet and in this way cash is eliminated. Suppose you want to surprise your girlfriend with a gift, you can order it at Eguo.com, pay the money online, and then your girlfriend will receive the gift and you do not need to do anything else. Quite romantic, isn’t it? Thus, more and more people have gradually accepted online payment.
Problems
No doubt, E-business is becoming the mainstream in China and more and more people have begun to appreciate its importance. However, there do exist some problems and obstacles that block or slow down the tempo of the development of E-business in this large country.
First is the lack of personal credit in China. Maybe you cannot feel it, but it does exist in our society, and the problem is quite severe. If you pay a little attention, you may find amazingly that almost everyone is cheating in some way. In order to satisfy their personal interests, especially financial ones, many people would do anything, including deceit or securing advantages through influence or relationships, a common practice in China and called in Chinese Zouhoumen. People have the self-serving goals, to achieve their own ends.
Incredibility has already become the norm in China. Parents always teach their children to suspect others before believing what they say. This may avoid loss, but from another angel, it shows the lack of public trust in China, ironically.
This may be the sequela of the history, but it does become an obstacle to the growth of E-business in China. Credit, from the experts?point of view, is the elementary foundation of a market economy. Without it, normal business cannot go on. So what China needs to do first is to establish its own personal credit system.
Secondly, credit card is not popular in China whereas in the United States, cash plays a less important role in people’s daily life. Instead, credit card like Visa is becoming indispensable. On the contrary, ordinary people in China use cash when buying goods. Most people cannot accept credit card, despite its considerable convenience, due to the lack of credibility and the immaturity of credit card system among the banks. However, everyone has reason to believe that in the not too distant future, credit card will replace cash and become quite common in China.
Third, buying via the Internet is not still widespread in China. Today, more than sixty million people surf the Internet in China, which is a huge figure in most people’s eyes, but compared with the immense population of the country, we can by no means say that the Internet has already become popular in China. In some remote rural areas, many people, without exaggeration, still do not know what a computer is, let alone the Internet. So the Internet must be popularized before talking about doing E-business.
Fourth is the incompetence of the online companies. They themselves impede the development of E-business. The service is not satisfactory. Eguo.com has such a problem. Quite often, after you order the goods at this website, the company will telephone you to notify that the goods that you have ordered are not available, and the customers are discontented. Many other companies have only got the superficial meaning of E-business. Sometimes what they do is restricted to the provision of relevant information, far from the core meaning of E-business.
However, we cannot attribute all these to the companies. After all, E-business has just begun in China and there is definitely a long and rough way to go before its full development.
Looking forward
Tough as the progress is, most people are still optimistic about the future, for everyone has the reason to believe that based on the large population, the rapid national economic development, the establishment of personal credibility and the prevalence of the Internet, E-business will sooner or later fully merge into people’s daily life in this old and modern giant.
Conclusion
So far we have talked so much about E-business and you now may bear an idea in your mind that E-business will be the dominant way of doing business and change people’s way of living completely. However, you may overlook one point. That is when one thing becomes public and utilized by the whole society; it will become so ordinary that no one will pay much attention to it. That is why, nowadays, E-business has constantly been the focus of mass media. Maybe one day, the Internet and E-business itself will become a certain kind of public utility, like water, electricity and gas, which everyone can use at any time and any place and only pay little. Moreover, when every field of our life is cyberized in the future, the concept of E-business itself will disappear.
That is possible, definitely possible.
The E-business Revolution/ Daniel Amor ?000 by Hewlett-Packard Company, published by Prentice Hall PTR, printed in USA
The introduction, the development and the characteristics of E-business
Relevant websites
http//www.Yahoo.com search engine for information about companies
http//www.amazon.com information about this online company
http//www.8848.com the famous online company in China
http//www.eguo.com a Chinese company dealing with buying goods online
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Age Discrimination in Employment Act
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Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Congress enacted the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in 167 (Bennett-Alexander, 6). Even though the Act was passed more than thirty years ago, age discrimination still exists today. Although some of the cases of age discrimination may not be intentional, many are. Whatever the reason for the discrimination, intentional or unintentional, it still violates the ADEA. For this reason, it is important for employers to understand the ADEA and ways in which they can prevent being sued for age discrimination.
The Law
The ADEA states
Sec. 4 (a) It shall be unlawful for an employer-
(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privilege of employment, because of such individual’s age;
() to limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual’s age; or
() to reduce the wage rate of any employee in order to comply with this chapter (Age Discrimination in, ).
The reason the ADEA was enacted was to force employers to evaluate employees, or prospective employees, on their skills and abilities, rather than on their age. There are a lot of assumptions about older workers, that may or may not be true, but which cannot be used in the hiring, firing, training, or evaluation process. One such assumption is that as employers get older, they can no longer adapt to changes in the business. Another is the assumption that older people cannot perform job tasks as well as somebody younger. Yet another assumption is that it is a waste of time and money to train an older employee because they will be retiring soon anyway. These assumptions are several of the reasons that forced Congress to enact the ADEA.
An employee, or prospective employee, may feel that he/she has been discriminated against because of age, but that does not mean that they will automatically win a lawsuit. There are two types of ADEA claims, disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment claims arise when an individual alleges that their employer, or prospective employer, discriminated against them because of their age. In order for an employee to persuade the court that they have a true case of age discrimination based on disparate
treatment, they must first present a Prima Facie Case. They must prove the following four elements
1. That he/she is 40 years old or older.
. That he/she was adversely affected by the decision of the employer.
. That he/she was qualified for the position.
4. That he/she was treated differently than those who are younger (Bennett-Alexander, 7).
Unlike disparate treatment claims, disparate impact claims are based on the results of an employment practice. On its face, the employment practice is neutral, but in reality it has a disparate impact on the protected class. These cases are neither overtly or covertly based on the protected characteristics, but have an unjustified effect on the protected group. It is important to remember that just because the discrimination was not intentional does not mean the employer will not be held legally responsible (Bass, 0).
Until recently, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act covered only United States companies with more than 0 employees, or foreign companies with more than 0 employees in the United States. In March of 18, a federal appeals panel in Manhattan declared that the law covers all foreign companies conducting business in the United States with more than 0 employees total, not just 0 employees in the United States. The judged backed his decision by stating that there is not language in the ADEA requiring foreign employees to be excluded when determining which companies satisfy the 0-employee minimum. In the ruling, the judge also ruled that domestic employees of foreign companies are also protected by the ADEA (Pines).
Anti-ADEA
Some believe that the ADEA is unfair. They think that some companies have good reason for firing older employees, even if the main reason is age. They are also disgusted with the fact that the Supreme Court has yet to set down specific guidelines as to when it is okay and not okay to fire based on economic reasoning (Seligman, 116-118).
There is one instance mentioned where a Supreme Court judge, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, makes inappropriate remarks regarding age. He is quoted as saying “It was what you might call stereotypes about going downhill after a certain age, which...a lot of us can testify to [Laughter]” (Seligman, 116-117). This judge also said that there was no invidious discrimination in laws classifying people by age. The way in which these remarks are interpreted casts a dark shadow on the case for the ADEA. Many take his remarks to mean that older workers have never experienced the purposeful unequal treatment of other protected classes such as racial and religious minorities. Anti-ADEA groups interpret Rehnquist’s remarks to mean that discrimination against older workers is not a big deal because almost all of us will get old someday (Seligman, 117).
The group of people that are against the ADEA feel that age discrimination is quite rational and that there is good reasoning behind it. They are not firing or refusing to hire people because they simply do not like old people. They are taking these actions because of the characteristics associated with older people. They feel these characteristics would be a threat to the economic status of their business. Their reasoning is as follows
It is true that not all mental abilities are affected to the same extent, and not all individuals slip at the same rate. An exhaustive study of age-related slippage, published last year in an issue of the journal Intelligence, showed that highly educated people with superior verbal skills retain those skills fairly well. Slippage is substantially greater with age, and the decrement is greatest in what psychologists call “fluid intelligence,” i.e., the ability to learn new tasks and see things in new ways. The ancient adage about old dogs and new tricks really has something to it (Seligman, 118).
This persistent group of people also come up with a few more compelling arguments. They believe that Congress enacted the ADEA because older people vote more. In other words, this gets Congress “in good” with the older generation. Also, they argue that Lyndon Johnson’s Department of Labor came up with studies that showed employers were irrational in preferring younger workers. How could Congress know what employers wanted better than the employer (Seligman, 118)?
Ways to Avoid a Lawsuit
Knowledge is power. The more the employer knows about the ins and outs of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act the better they will be able to protect themselves. Not only should the employer be familiar with the federal laws, but also the state laws. In many cases the state law is different, and more narrowly defined, than the federal law. Employers are not forced to hire older workers over younger workers. The younger applicant may be better qualified for the position. If this is the case, the employer has nothing to worry about, but if the employer chooses the younger employee simply because of age, he is asking for trouble (Flynn, 18).
In order to avoid a lawsuit, the hiring process should be carefully performed and monitored. The hiring staff should be thoroughly trained. When recruiting, employers should try and reach the widest array of applicants possible. They should be careful not to post job openings only in areas where the majority of the population is young, i.e., college campuses or “young” hangouts. If a company is using a recruiting agency, they must ensure that the agency is following fair employment practices. If the agency is in violation, the company can be held liable (Berluti, 8-, Raths, 84-85).
Job descriptions must be carefully monitored. Companies have to be careful not to use words that would attract only young applicants. They should avoid terms such as “young”, “recent college graduate” and “inexperienced”. Also, when describing the job, they must accurately portray the job requirements. If an advertisement states that the job requires a skill that is fairly new, when the job minimally requires this skill, that could be seen as age discrimination (Berluti, ).
During the interview process, an applicant should never be asked their age. The interviewer should also avoid asking questions that could be interpreted as age-related, i.e., “What year did you graduate?” The only “age” question that can be asked is whether the prospective employee is at least 18 years of age. The interviewer should give the job description accurately in order to avoid any misunderstand about exactly what is required. By doing this, the interviewer can evaluate the applicant on exactly the skills required, without any misunderstanding. The employer should conduct all interviews the same, asking all the same questions, to avoid any discrepancies between applicants. Documenting all the questions and answers is also a good precaution (Berluti, , Flynn, 17).
Aside from the hiring process, it is just as important to exercise caution in the firing process. Before terminating any employee, the supervisor should check with higher management to be sure the reasoning cannot, in any way, be seen as age discrimination. If the company is firing the older worker because their skills are outdated, they should first offer training. If training is not offered, the company will be seen as treating the older employee different and be at risk for a lawsuit. No matter what the reason for termination, the company needs to take extra precaution if the employee is in a protected class. They need to make sure that all complaints about the specific employee are documented as well as any conversations/meetings with the employee. It may seem like a lot of unnecessary work, but if a lawsuit arises it could be the evidence that predicts the outcome of the case. If the company hears that they may be at the receiving end of a lawsuit, they should seek legal counsel immediately (Berluti, 8-).
Recent Trends
Information Technology is one field that has experienced much age discrimination. People tend to make the mistake that older people are not technologically literate. By the year 00, it is expected that 17% of the U.S. population will be older than 65, with a good percentage of those still in the workforce (Raths, 84). Due to the rapid technological advancements, it will be necessary to have adequate training programs to ensure the older generation is not left out of the “technology loop.”
Since 1, the number of age discrimination cases against U.S. companies has sharply declined. The high demand of experienced workers, along with the increase in the over-50 population, are helping to “neutralize age-related workplace bias (Age Discrimination Declines, 16).” This trend is predicted to accelerate because many companies are looking for experienced who will be productive right from the start. Also, many small companies cannot afford training programs, so they are looking for workers who are already experienced and trained. Within the next 8 years, age discrimination cases are predicted to fall another 5% (Age Discrimination Declines, 16).
Sample Cases
After having a better understanding of the ADEA and how it works, some sample cases may help to bring all the information together.
The Case of Roger Reeves
Roger Reeves worked at a toilet-seat manufacturing plant in Mississippi. At the age of 57, he was fired. Reeves decided to sue his employer for age discrimination. He alleges that his boss made a comment about his age saying “He must have come over on the Mayflower” (Seligman, 116). In 1, Reeves was awarded a total of $8,40 in damages and back pay. The employer appealed and won. The 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that it was not clear age had anything to do with the termination. Roger Reeves then appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the appeal based on the fact that various circuit courts were reaching different conclusions about necessary proof for an ADEA claim to be successful. As of this time, there has yet to be a final ruling on this case (Seligman, 116). Clearly, this case illustrates the confusion and complexity of ADEA claims.
The Case of Ida Morelli
This second case is the case that prompted the newly expanded portion of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Ida Morelli had been working for Cedel bank for ten years, when she was fired at the age of 54. Cedel is a Luxembourg bank with only one U.S. branch. Morelli brought suit against Cedel and lost. The judge told her that under ADEA, Cedel is not considered an “employer” because they have less than 0 employees in their U.S. branch. She appealed the case and the Second Circuit overturned the decision.
Judge Cudahy found no language in the ADEA mandating that foreign employees be excluded when determining which companies satisfy the 0-employee threshold. He also noted the reasons courts have found for the minimum-employee requirement in Title VII, the statute after which the ADEA was modeled, favor counting those foreign workers (Pines).
The Case of Joe Moore
This final case has yet to have a final ruling on it. This case involves Notre Dame University and their former football coach, Joe Moore. At the age of 65, Moore was fired as the offensive line football coach. He then filed suit against Notre Dame University alleging age discrimination. Moore alleges that Bob Davie, the head football coach, made several comments about his age, both to Moore and to others, prior to the termination. Davie agrees that he did make age-related comments, but disputes that age was the reason for the termination. Davie states that the termination was based on several conduct incidences, such as “roughing up” some of the players and encouraging under age drinking. Davie also contends that his age related comments were made out of respect and not mockery. A trial judge dismissed the claim saying that Moore failed to state cause of action. Moore is currently appealing the case to the 7th Circuit.
Conclusion
It is easy to see that ADEA claims are not cut and dry. There are many facets involved in both proving and disproving a case. The best advice available for a corporation to follow is “there is no such thing as being too careful.” It’s best to err on the side of caution. Corporations need to acquire as much knowledge about ADEA as possible, train their hiring staff, train their managers and supervisors, document everything and never make age-related comments or jokes. Remember, unintentional discrimination does not excuse one from the law.
Works Cited
Age Discrimination Declines. Futurist, Feb , Col. , Issue , pp 16-17.
Bass, Stuart and George S. Roukis. Age Discrimination in Employment Will
Employers Focus on Business Necessities and the ‘ROFTA’ Defense?
Commercial Law Journal, Summer , Vol. 104, Issue , pp. -.
Bennett-Alexander, Dawn D. and Laura B. Pincus. Employment Law for
Business. Second Edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, New York, New York
18.
Berluti, Robert R. How Companies Can Avoid Age Discrimination Litigation.
Boston Business Journal, 11 Sep 8, Vol. 18, Issue 1, pp. 8-.
Flynn, Gillian. High Profile Age Discrimination Suit Moves Forward. Workforce,
Oct , Vol. 78, Issue 10, pp. 16-18.
Pines Deborah, Age Bias Law Coverage is Extended. New York Law Journal,
1 Mar 00 http//www.ljx.com/practice/laboremployment/
00adeaextend.html.
Raths, David. Bridging the Generation Gap. Info World, 8 Nov , Vol. 1,
Issue 45, pp. 84-87.
Seligman Dan, The Case for Age Discrimination. Forbes, 1 Dec , Vol. 164
Issue 14, pp. 116-118.
Van Duch, Darryl. Notre Dame Coaches Go to the Mat. The National Law
Journal, 1 Mar 00 http//www.ljx.com/practice/laboremployment/
070notre.html.
United States Congress. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 167, The.
1 Feb 00 http//www.eeoc.gov.laws.adea.html.
Mind that the sample papers like Age Discrimination in Employment Act presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Congress enacted the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in 167 (Bennett-Alexander, 6). Even though the Act was passed more than thirty years ago, age discrimination still exists today. Although some of the cases of age discrimination may not be intentional, many are. Whatever the reason for the discrimination, intentional or unintentional, it still violates the ADEA. For this reason, it is important for employers to understand the ADEA and ways in which they can prevent being sued for age discrimination.
The Law
The ADEA states
Sec. 4 (a) It shall be unlawful for an employer-
(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privilege of employment, because of such individual’s age;
() to limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual’s age; or
() to reduce the wage rate of any employee in order to comply with this chapter (Age Discrimination in, ).
The reason the ADEA was enacted was to force employers to evaluate employees, or prospective employees, on their skills and abilities, rather than on their age. There are a lot of assumptions about older workers, that may or may not be true, but which cannot be used in the hiring, firing, training, or evaluation process. One such assumption is that as employers get older, they can no longer adapt to changes in the business. Another is the assumption that older people cannot perform job tasks as well as somebody younger. Yet another assumption is that it is a waste of time and money to train an older employee because they will be retiring soon anyway. These assumptions are several of the reasons that forced Congress to enact the ADEA.
An employee, or prospective employee, may feel that he/she has been discriminated against because of age, but that does not mean that they will automatically win a lawsuit. There are two types of ADEA claims, disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment claims arise when an individual alleges that their employer, or prospective employer, discriminated against them because of their age. In order for an employee to persuade the court that they have a true case of age discrimination based on disparate
treatment, they must first present a Prima Facie Case. They must prove the following four elements
1. That he/she is 40 years old or older.
. That he/she was adversely affected by the decision of the employer.
. That he/she was qualified for the position.
4. That he/she was treated differently than those who are younger (Bennett-Alexander, 7).
Unlike disparate treatment claims, disparate impact claims are based on the results of an employment practice. On its face, the employment practice is neutral, but in reality it has a disparate impact on the protected class. These cases are neither overtly or covertly based on the protected characteristics, but have an unjustified effect on the protected group. It is important to remember that just because the discrimination was not intentional does not mean the employer will not be held legally responsible (Bass, 0).
Until recently, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act covered only United States companies with more than 0 employees, or foreign companies with more than 0 employees in the United States. In March of 18, a federal appeals panel in Manhattan declared that the law covers all foreign companies conducting business in the United States with more than 0 employees total, not just 0 employees in the United States. The judged backed his decision by stating that there is not language in the ADEA requiring foreign employees to be excluded when determining which companies satisfy the 0-employee minimum. In the ruling, the judge also ruled that domestic employees of foreign companies are also protected by the ADEA (Pines).
Anti-ADEA
Some believe that the ADEA is unfair. They think that some companies have good reason for firing older employees, even if the main reason is age. They are also disgusted with the fact that the Supreme Court has yet to set down specific guidelines as to when it is okay and not okay to fire based on economic reasoning (Seligman, 116-118).
There is one instance mentioned where a Supreme Court judge, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, makes inappropriate remarks regarding age. He is quoted as saying “It was what you might call stereotypes about going downhill after a certain age, which...a lot of us can testify to [Laughter]” (Seligman, 116-117). This judge also said that there was no invidious discrimination in laws classifying people by age. The way in which these remarks are interpreted casts a dark shadow on the case for the ADEA. Many take his remarks to mean that older workers have never experienced the purposeful unequal treatment of other protected classes such as racial and religious minorities. Anti-ADEA groups interpret Rehnquist’s remarks to mean that discrimination against older workers is not a big deal because almost all of us will get old someday (Seligman, 117).
The group of people that are against the ADEA feel that age discrimination is quite rational and that there is good reasoning behind it. They are not firing or refusing to hire people because they simply do not like old people. They are taking these actions because of the characteristics associated with older people. They feel these characteristics would be a threat to the economic status of their business. Their reasoning is as follows
It is true that not all mental abilities are affected to the same extent, and not all individuals slip at the same rate. An exhaustive study of age-related slippage, published last year in an issue of the journal Intelligence, showed that highly educated people with superior verbal skills retain those skills fairly well. Slippage is substantially greater with age, and the decrement is greatest in what psychologists call “fluid intelligence,” i.e., the ability to learn new tasks and see things in new ways. The ancient adage about old dogs and new tricks really has something to it (Seligman, 118).
This persistent group of people also come up with a few more compelling arguments. They believe that Congress enacted the ADEA because older people vote more. In other words, this gets Congress “in good” with the older generation. Also, they argue that Lyndon Johnson’s Department of Labor came up with studies that showed employers were irrational in preferring younger workers. How could Congress know what employers wanted better than the employer (Seligman, 118)?
Ways to Avoid a Lawsuit
Knowledge is power. The more the employer knows about the ins and outs of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act the better they will be able to protect themselves. Not only should the employer be familiar with the federal laws, but also the state laws. In many cases the state law is different, and more narrowly defined, than the federal law. Employers are not forced to hire older workers over younger workers. The younger applicant may be better qualified for the position. If this is the case, the employer has nothing to worry about, but if the employer chooses the younger employee simply because of age, he is asking for trouble (Flynn, 18).
In order to avoid a lawsuit, the hiring process should be carefully performed and monitored. The hiring staff should be thoroughly trained. When recruiting, employers should try and reach the widest array of applicants possible. They should be careful not to post job openings only in areas where the majority of the population is young, i.e., college campuses or “young” hangouts. If a company is using a recruiting agency, they must ensure that the agency is following fair employment practices. If the agency is in violation, the company can be held liable (Berluti, 8-, Raths, 84-85).
Job descriptions must be carefully monitored. Companies have to be careful not to use words that would attract only young applicants. They should avoid terms such as “young”, “recent college graduate” and “inexperienced”. Also, when describing the job, they must accurately portray the job requirements. If an advertisement states that the job requires a skill that is fairly new, when the job minimally requires this skill, that could be seen as age discrimination (Berluti, ).
During the interview process, an applicant should never be asked their age. The interviewer should also avoid asking questions that could be interpreted as age-related, i.e., “What year did you graduate?” The only “age” question that can be asked is whether the prospective employee is at least 18 years of age. The interviewer should give the job description accurately in order to avoid any misunderstand about exactly what is required. By doing this, the interviewer can evaluate the applicant on exactly the skills required, without any misunderstanding. The employer should conduct all interviews the same, asking all the same questions, to avoid any discrepancies between applicants. Documenting all the questions and answers is also a good precaution (Berluti, , Flynn, 17).
Aside from the hiring process, it is just as important to exercise caution in the firing process. Before terminating any employee, the supervisor should check with higher management to be sure the reasoning cannot, in any way, be seen as age discrimination. If the company is firing the older worker because their skills are outdated, they should first offer training. If training is not offered, the company will be seen as treating the older employee different and be at risk for a lawsuit. No matter what the reason for termination, the company needs to take extra precaution if the employee is in a protected class. They need to make sure that all complaints about the specific employee are documented as well as any conversations/meetings with the employee. It may seem like a lot of unnecessary work, but if a lawsuit arises it could be the evidence that predicts the outcome of the case. If the company hears that they may be at the receiving end of a lawsuit, they should seek legal counsel immediately (Berluti, 8-).
Recent Trends
Information Technology is one field that has experienced much age discrimination. People tend to make the mistake that older people are not technologically literate. By the year 00, it is expected that 17% of the U.S. population will be older than 65, with a good percentage of those still in the workforce (Raths, 84). Due to the rapid technological advancements, it will be necessary to have adequate training programs to ensure the older generation is not left out of the “technology loop.”
Since 1, the number of age discrimination cases against U.S. companies has sharply declined. The high demand of experienced workers, along with the increase in the over-50 population, are helping to “neutralize age-related workplace bias (Age Discrimination Declines, 16).” This trend is predicted to accelerate because many companies are looking for experienced who will be productive right from the start. Also, many small companies cannot afford training programs, so they are looking for workers who are already experienced and trained. Within the next 8 years, age discrimination cases are predicted to fall another 5% (Age Discrimination Declines, 16).
Sample Cases
After having a better understanding of the ADEA and how it works, some sample cases may help to bring all the information together.
The Case of Roger Reeves
Roger Reeves worked at a toilet-seat manufacturing plant in Mississippi. At the age of 57, he was fired. Reeves decided to sue his employer for age discrimination. He alleges that his boss made a comment about his age saying “He must have come over on the Mayflower” (Seligman, 116). In 1, Reeves was awarded a total of $8,40 in damages and back pay. The employer appealed and won. The 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that it was not clear age had anything to do with the termination. Roger Reeves then appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the appeal based on the fact that various circuit courts were reaching different conclusions about necessary proof for an ADEA claim to be successful. As of this time, there has yet to be a final ruling on this case (Seligman, 116). Clearly, this case illustrates the confusion and complexity of ADEA claims.
The Case of Ida Morelli
This second case is the case that prompted the newly expanded portion of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Ida Morelli had been working for Cedel bank for ten years, when she was fired at the age of 54. Cedel is a Luxembourg bank with only one U.S. branch. Morelli brought suit against Cedel and lost. The judge told her that under ADEA, Cedel is not considered an “employer” because they have less than 0 employees in their U.S. branch. She appealed the case and the Second Circuit overturned the decision.
Judge Cudahy found no language in the ADEA mandating that foreign employees be excluded when determining which companies satisfy the 0-employee threshold. He also noted the reasons courts have found for the minimum-employee requirement in Title VII, the statute after which the ADEA was modeled, favor counting those foreign workers (Pines).
The Case of Joe Moore
This final case has yet to have a final ruling on it. This case involves Notre Dame University and their former football coach, Joe Moore. At the age of 65, Moore was fired as the offensive line football coach. He then filed suit against Notre Dame University alleging age discrimination. Moore alleges that Bob Davie, the head football coach, made several comments about his age, both to Moore and to others, prior to the termination. Davie agrees that he did make age-related comments, but disputes that age was the reason for the termination. Davie states that the termination was based on several conduct incidences, such as “roughing up” some of the players and encouraging under age drinking. Davie also contends that his age related comments were made out of respect and not mockery. A trial judge dismissed the claim saying that Moore failed to state cause of action. Moore is currently appealing the case to the 7th Circuit.
Conclusion
It is easy to see that ADEA claims are not cut and dry. There are many facets involved in both proving and disproving a case. The best advice available for a corporation to follow is “there is no such thing as being too careful.” It’s best to err on the side of caution. Corporations need to acquire as much knowledge about ADEA as possible, train their hiring staff, train their managers and supervisors, document everything and never make age-related comments or jokes. Remember, unintentional discrimination does not excuse one from the law.
Works Cited
Age Discrimination Declines. Futurist, Feb , Col. , Issue , pp 16-17.
Bass, Stuart and George S. Roukis. Age Discrimination in Employment Will
Employers Focus on Business Necessities and the ‘ROFTA’ Defense?
Commercial Law Journal, Summer , Vol. 104, Issue , pp. -.
Bennett-Alexander, Dawn D. and Laura B. Pincus. Employment Law for
Business. Second Edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, New York, New York
18.
Berluti, Robert R. How Companies Can Avoid Age Discrimination Litigation.
Boston Business Journal, 11 Sep 8, Vol. 18, Issue 1, pp. 8-.
Flynn, Gillian. High Profile Age Discrimination Suit Moves Forward. Workforce,
Oct , Vol. 78, Issue 10, pp. 16-18.
Pines Deborah, Age Bias Law Coverage is Extended. New York Law Journal,
1 Mar 00 http//www.ljx.com/practice/laboremployment/
00adeaextend.html.
Raths, David. Bridging the Generation Gap. Info World, 8 Nov , Vol. 1,
Issue 45, pp. 84-87.
Seligman Dan, The Case for Age Discrimination. Forbes, 1 Dec , Vol. 164
Issue 14, pp. 116-118.
Van Duch, Darryl. Notre Dame Coaches Go to the Mat. The National Law
Journal, 1 Mar 00 http//www.ljx.com/practice/laboremployment/
070notre.html.
United States Congress. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 167, The.
1 Feb 00 http//www.eeoc.gov.laws.adea.html.
Mind that the sample papers like Age Discrimination in Employment Act presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Saturday 21 July 2012
Economics
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The financial system in Japan is in need of a complete overhaul. Discuss.
What we are looking at here is the Japanese banking crisis that has been in chaos for so long. We will look at what started it, the implications that have risen over the years and what must the Japanese do in order for it to get its financial system back on track.
The Asian miracle itself was the product of falling profit rates which began to emerge in the major capitalist economies from the mid-170s onwards as firms in the United States, Europe and above all Japan directed capital into the region in the search for cheaper labour and resources. For a time investment in Asia did provide a boost to profits, so much so that for the first half of the 10s economic expansion in the region accounted for half the increase in world economic output. But by 15, the Asian boom was starting to falter. Overcapacity was developing in industries such as cars and computer chips, while the growth of exports, which have averaged around 0 percent per annum, declined to around 5 percent.
The form of the crisis that erupted in July 17 was a currency and financial meltdown; its underlying content was the overaccumulation of capital in relation to the available surplus value. In other words, it signified the opening of a struggle by the competing sections of the capital to eliminate their weaker brethren. ( 1 )
The main reason why Japan got itself into so much debt was just plain old irresponsible lending. This has been a country where a relationship or personal reference could sometimes have as much weight as millions of dollars in collateral. Other loans became a problem because they were backed by property and stocks whose value was vastly inflated in the mid � 80’s, but then took a dive after Japan’s stock market started to plummet at the end of the decade.
Perhaps a good way to visualise how bad things can get is to look at a place where the impact of a banks failure has hit home. The collapse of Hokkaido Takushoku Bank preceded the nationalisation of the Long Term Credit Bank by nearly a year. It announced last November it would be closing it doors due to billions of dollars in bad loans. The news and its impact was analogous in some ways to what Detroit might be like if General Motors calls it quits. (cnn.com)
Not only that, but behind this lending was the handling of loans which was the major factor behind the Asian financial crisis. There is categories to how the loans were handled. The first one is improper bank management and the circumvention of rules. This is related to that regulators may not have known that they were breaking violations and also that they did know but did not enforce the rules. The second problem here is reckless real estate lending. This was the introduction of competition into a system not based on strict disclosure rules and monitoring but on cartellized co-operation, and, therefore, provides temptation and opportunities for shady deals.
The next is relationship business. This is based on when a leading firm or bank misuses its power and exploits affiliated companies by shifting to them especially risky business, regardless of the desires of the affiliate. So the non-banks were used for purposes of rule circumvention and transfer of risky projects but were left unsupported when their loans became irrecoverable.
The final one is Fraud. An argument can be made that fraud will always happen no matter how the regulatory system is designed If someone wants to cheat they will. There was a lot of insider trading among banks, such as the withdrawal of large amounts of deposits one day before Kizu Credit was closed. Other factors that occurred were bribery and deals done by so called Mafia connections. So we can see the reasons behind the bad loan situations that were responsible for the collapse of the Asian market. As a result of this crisis, Japanese banks under financial stress as financial deregulation narrows their spreads between borrowing money and lending money, the weak economy reduces demand for their services and huge losses on real estate and other loans depleted their capital. Concerns about the health of Japans banking system have forced even top Japanese banks to pay a premium to borrow in the interbank market, making Japanese banks less competitive both at home and abroad. Even the main - bank relationship that has historically locked Japanese customers to their primary bank is threatened under the strain of competition from securities markets and foreign banks with lower cost funds.
The true value of problem loans in Japans financial system has reached Y150,000 bn. (Dollars 1,00 bn.)
The consequences that have arisen as a result of this
Japans banks have traditionally been among the worlds largest lenders. There is also the impact their turmoil is having on Japanese businesses and consumers, which also extends abroad.
As a result of this, banks like the Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Ltd ( Nations 10th largest ) was declared insolvent. The bank was established to help finance post war growth, primarily dealt with corporate Japan. And most of its business of providing long term loans to big businesses had dried up years ago.
Worried consumers and companies have little desire to spend when theyre anxious about the future. If theyre spending less, that usually means less spent on imports too.
Complicating matters are international banking rules that require money to be set aside to cover problem loans. That means less money is available to lend, a worsening problem as more loans default in the weakening economy. It is not helped by the slowdown of the US economy. According to Thomas Donahue ( US Chamber of Commerce ), We (in the US) are beginning to lay off workers in factories and in high tech industries. And these are people of every level, technically competent people, moderately educated, and workers without skills. We need them at every level. And they will all lose jobs if we lose the source of where we sell our products. So in Japan unemployment has risen to 4.7%, just below record of 4.%. If unemployment continues to rise then it could spell disaster in the economy as Japan is leader in technology.
In order for Japan to rebuild for the future, Japan is undertaking a plan known as the Big Bang (previously done in the UK) which is a financial overhaul aimed at rebuilding a rickety banking system and changing the way the worlds second-largest economy does business. Nicknamed after similar British financial reforms in the 180s, the changes also are being touted as the engine behind Japans transformation from a society dominated by bureaucrats to one that is consumer driven. The Japanese consumer stands to benefit as well with an array of new investment and saving options. This plan is to be implemented sometime in 001. Some of the changes like easing securities sales have already been implemented along with the lifting of restrictions on foreign currency trading.
Among the rules set out Further liberalisation of sales of mutual funds and securities and brokers commissions fees and the abolition of the securities transaction tax.
Tougher guidelines to keep banks from amassing too much debt.
Greater disclosures of corporate information which will allow investors to better judge whether a stock is a good buy.
The abolition of barriers between the work of banks, brokerages and insurers.
Also they should add more competition. Deregulation could break up the ministry of finances system in which bureaucrats make sure major players in any given industry get a piece of the pie, ensuring employment but keeping inefficient companies afloat.
Thus, there are signs the problems are finally being acknowledged by the government. Among other things, the Prime Minister of Japan had launched a $500 billion-plus financial stabilisation package which was announce earlier in the year. ( cnn.com ) Most of the money is earmarked for replenishing capital at banks so they will be encouraged to lend again. Also a plan to reduce the vulnerability of banks to stock market fluctuations by setting up a fund to buy part of their vast shareholdings.
To eliminate bad debt and restructure the banks means not only the closure or merger of financial conglomerates and financial institutions, but the sale of the assets which were financed by the loans.
With the presidential elections coming up each candidate has put forward their ideas on how to improve the falling economy. This can be good, as the Japanese people will vote for whom will they think will do the biggest clean up of the Japanese economy, so we could be looking at a brighter future in Japan.
Instead of sheltering banks from failure, the government must allow the cleansing action of the marketplace to operate, Unless and until Japanese banks are subject to the same forces facing their manufacturing counterparts they will be unable to compete on a level playing field. Thus, the recent rash of Japanese bank failures is actually a positive development giving the remaining banks a strong incentive to strengthen their balance sheets and to focus on profits rather than market share.
So we can see from our analysis the implications that have risen as a result of the Japanese collapse in the economy which have proved disastrous for the worlds second largest economy and also the plans that have been drawn up for the future in Japan. The plan known as the Big Bang should help new growth and development in the financial system, as well as the recent decline in Japan, it should push it back among the ranks of the worlds leading financial centers.
Mind that the sample papers like Economics presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The financial system in Japan is in need of a complete overhaul. Discuss.
What we are looking at here is the Japanese banking crisis that has been in chaos for so long. We will look at what started it, the implications that have risen over the years and what must the Japanese do in order for it to get its financial system back on track.
The Asian miracle itself was the product of falling profit rates which began to emerge in the major capitalist economies from the mid-170s onwards as firms in the United States, Europe and above all Japan directed capital into the region in the search for cheaper labour and resources. For a time investment in Asia did provide a boost to profits, so much so that for the first half of the 10s economic expansion in the region accounted for half the increase in world economic output. But by 15, the Asian boom was starting to falter. Overcapacity was developing in industries such as cars and computer chips, while the growth of exports, which have averaged around 0 percent per annum, declined to around 5 percent.
The form of the crisis that erupted in July 17 was a currency and financial meltdown; its underlying content was the overaccumulation of capital in relation to the available surplus value. In other words, it signified the opening of a struggle by the competing sections of the capital to eliminate their weaker brethren. ( 1 )
The main reason why Japan got itself into so much debt was just plain old irresponsible lending. This has been a country where a relationship or personal reference could sometimes have as much weight as millions of dollars in collateral. Other loans became a problem because they were backed by property and stocks whose value was vastly inflated in the mid � 80’s, but then took a dive after Japan’s stock market started to plummet at the end of the decade.
Perhaps a good way to visualise how bad things can get is to look at a place where the impact of a banks failure has hit home. The collapse of Hokkaido Takushoku Bank preceded the nationalisation of the Long Term Credit Bank by nearly a year. It announced last November it would be closing it doors due to billions of dollars in bad loans. The news and its impact was analogous in some ways to what Detroit might be like if General Motors calls it quits. (cnn.com)
Not only that, but behind this lending was the handling of loans which was the major factor behind the Asian financial crisis. There is categories to how the loans were handled. The first one is improper bank management and the circumvention of rules. This is related to that regulators may not have known that they were breaking violations and also that they did know but did not enforce the rules. The second problem here is reckless real estate lending. This was the introduction of competition into a system not based on strict disclosure rules and monitoring but on cartellized co-operation, and, therefore, provides temptation and opportunities for shady deals.
The next is relationship business. This is based on when a leading firm or bank misuses its power and exploits affiliated companies by shifting to them especially risky business, regardless of the desires of the affiliate. So the non-banks were used for purposes of rule circumvention and transfer of risky projects but were left unsupported when their loans became irrecoverable.
The final one is Fraud. An argument can be made that fraud will always happen no matter how the regulatory system is designed If someone wants to cheat they will. There was a lot of insider trading among banks, such as the withdrawal of large amounts of deposits one day before Kizu Credit was closed. Other factors that occurred were bribery and deals done by so called Mafia connections. So we can see the reasons behind the bad loan situations that were responsible for the collapse of the Asian market. As a result of this crisis, Japanese banks under financial stress as financial deregulation narrows their spreads between borrowing money and lending money, the weak economy reduces demand for their services and huge losses on real estate and other loans depleted their capital. Concerns about the health of Japans banking system have forced even top Japanese banks to pay a premium to borrow in the interbank market, making Japanese banks less competitive both at home and abroad. Even the main - bank relationship that has historically locked Japanese customers to their primary bank is threatened under the strain of competition from securities markets and foreign banks with lower cost funds.
The true value of problem loans in Japans financial system has reached Y150,000 bn. (Dollars 1,00 bn.)
The consequences that have arisen as a result of this
Japans banks have traditionally been among the worlds largest lenders. There is also the impact their turmoil is having on Japanese businesses and consumers, which also extends abroad.
As a result of this, banks like the Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Ltd ( Nations 10th largest ) was declared insolvent. The bank was established to help finance post war growth, primarily dealt with corporate Japan. And most of its business of providing long term loans to big businesses had dried up years ago.
Worried consumers and companies have little desire to spend when theyre anxious about the future. If theyre spending less, that usually means less spent on imports too.
Complicating matters are international banking rules that require money to be set aside to cover problem loans. That means less money is available to lend, a worsening problem as more loans default in the weakening economy. It is not helped by the slowdown of the US economy. According to Thomas Donahue ( US Chamber of Commerce ), We (in the US) are beginning to lay off workers in factories and in high tech industries. And these are people of every level, technically competent people, moderately educated, and workers without skills. We need them at every level. And they will all lose jobs if we lose the source of where we sell our products. So in Japan unemployment has risen to 4.7%, just below record of 4.%. If unemployment continues to rise then it could spell disaster in the economy as Japan is leader in technology.
In order for Japan to rebuild for the future, Japan is undertaking a plan known as the Big Bang (previously done in the UK) which is a financial overhaul aimed at rebuilding a rickety banking system and changing the way the worlds second-largest economy does business. Nicknamed after similar British financial reforms in the 180s, the changes also are being touted as the engine behind Japans transformation from a society dominated by bureaucrats to one that is consumer driven. The Japanese consumer stands to benefit as well with an array of new investment and saving options. This plan is to be implemented sometime in 001. Some of the changes like easing securities sales have already been implemented along with the lifting of restrictions on foreign currency trading.
Among the rules set out Further liberalisation of sales of mutual funds and securities and brokers commissions fees and the abolition of the securities transaction tax.
Tougher guidelines to keep banks from amassing too much debt.
Greater disclosures of corporate information which will allow investors to better judge whether a stock is a good buy.
The abolition of barriers between the work of banks, brokerages and insurers.
Also they should add more competition. Deregulation could break up the ministry of finances system in which bureaucrats make sure major players in any given industry get a piece of the pie, ensuring employment but keeping inefficient companies afloat.
Thus, there are signs the problems are finally being acknowledged by the government. Among other things, the Prime Minister of Japan had launched a $500 billion-plus financial stabilisation package which was announce earlier in the year. ( cnn.com ) Most of the money is earmarked for replenishing capital at banks so they will be encouraged to lend again. Also a plan to reduce the vulnerability of banks to stock market fluctuations by setting up a fund to buy part of their vast shareholdings.
To eliminate bad debt and restructure the banks means not only the closure or merger of financial conglomerates and financial institutions, but the sale of the assets which were financed by the loans.
With the presidential elections coming up each candidate has put forward their ideas on how to improve the falling economy. This can be good, as the Japanese people will vote for whom will they think will do the biggest clean up of the Japanese economy, so we could be looking at a brighter future in Japan.
Instead of sheltering banks from failure, the government must allow the cleansing action of the marketplace to operate, Unless and until Japanese banks are subject to the same forces facing their manufacturing counterparts they will be unable to compete on a level playing field. Thus, the recent rash of Japanese bank failures is actually a positive development giving the remaining banks a strong incentive to strengthen their balance sheets and to focus on profits rather than market share.
So we can see from our analysis the implications that have risen as a result of the Japanese collapse in the economy which have proved disastrous for the worlds second largest economy and also the plans that have been drawn up for the future in Japan. The plan known as the Big Bang should help new growth and development in the financial system, as well as the recent decline in Japan, it should push it back among the ranks of the worlds leading financial centers.
Mind that the sample papers like Economics presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday 18 July 2012
football
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like football even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like football in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Football. Its a few training sessions and a 0 minute game but still over the years it has become one of the worlds leading sports. Nowadays the excessive salaries that players are acquiring have overshadowed football. Football shouldnt be about money, it should be about the love of the game but still clubs are willing to pay over £50,000 a week to keep top footballers at their clubs, like david beckham, Ray Keane and Ronaldo. This is twice as much as the average man earns in a year so can footballers wages be justified? There are various arguments that can be raised for and against the justification of footballers wages.
One reason that footballers believe that their wages are justified is because they think that if they have the talent and are good enough to be picked then they deserve the money that clubs are willing to pay them. Whilst it might be tru that fooballers do have considerable skill there are many other proffesionals which also require a great deal of skill
e.g doctors
true no doubt their success comes at a price, yet they have chosen that profession, they know what they are letting themselves in for and so they should not complain. It should be argued that the invasion of privacy that they feel still does not justify the exessive wages that they are paid.
there are no easy answers to the question of wether footballers; wages are justified or not. whilst in many ways their wages are resonable conidering their talent and the pressure that they undergo in terms of the media and the game itself.
Mind that the sample papers like football presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Football. Its a few training sessions and a 0 minute game but still over the years it has become one of the worlds leading sports. Nowadays the excessive salaries that players are acquiring have overshadowed football. Football shouldnt be about money, it should be about the love of the game but still clubs are willing to pay over £50,000 a week to keep top footballers at their clubs, like david beckham, Ray Keane and Ronaldo. This is twice as much as the average man earns in a year so can footballers wages be justified? There are various arguments that can be raised for and against the justification of footballers wages.
One reason that footballers believe that their wages are justified is because they think that if they have the talent and are good enough to be picked then they deserve the money that clubs are willing to pay them. Whilst it might be tru that fooballers do have considerable skill there are many other proffesionals which also require a great deal of skill
e.g doctors
true no doubt their success comes at a price, yet they have chosen that profession, they know what they are letting themselves in for and so they should not complain. It should be argued that the invasion of privacy that they feel still does not justify the exessive wages that they are paid.
there are no easy answers to the question of wether footballers; wages are justified or not. whilst in many ways their wages are resonable conidering their talent and the pressure that they undergo in terms of the media and the game itself.
Mind that the sample papers like football presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday 16 July 2012
EU - Problems and Perspectives
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like EU - Problems and Perspectives even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like EU - Problems and Perspectives in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Part 1 R&D Investment for the
Knowledge-Based Economy
Scientific and technological knowledge and its wide dissemination
play a vital role in the knowledge-based economy. It is widely
agreed that research and development (R&D), along with the
availability of a highly skilled workforce, the creation of an intense
interplay between the stakeholders of national innovation systems,
and the effective use of information and communication technologies,
are the key conditions for successful innovation and the competitiveness
of advanced economies.
The capacity to create and apply knowledge has become more important
in the production of goods and services. On the one hand,
production is more research-intensive, drawing on the utilisation
of research findings; on the other hand, it is technology-intensive,
drawing on the exploitation of new technology, and on the command
of the knowledge base of advanced and tailored services and
complex production processes.
This part of the document first examines the investments that various
countries are making in R&D, and the main sectors making
those investments. Secondly, some key figures on Community
funding of research by means of the Framework Programmes are
presented. Thirdly, since in most countries the business sector plays
the most important role in terms of R&D spending, private investment
will be examined in more detail. As venture capital (VC)
investment ¨C from private as well as public sources ¨C becomes more
and more important for the creation of new firms and employment,
key data on VC investment will conclude this part.
Key findings
¡ö Since the mid-10s, the gap in R&D financing between the EU
and the US has almost doubled in volume terms. The gap is
mostly because the growth in R&D activities in the main EU
economies has been low by comparison to that in the US,
especially in France, the UK and Italy.
¡ö There are substantial differences between Europe and its
main competitors in the structure of their R&D funding. In
the EU, while governments account for a much larger share
of R&D investment than in the US and Japan, the situation is
the reverse in the case of business R&D. The absolute volume
and the growth of R&D investments being made by
European companies are substantially below the levels found
in the US.
¡ö The EU countries have converged in terms of the development of
their R&D system. On the one hand, most of the small EU
economies, and those that are catching up, have recorded the
highest growth rates for R&D investment and R&D intensity
(the amount of R&D investment per unit of GDP). On the other
hand, the major EU economies have registered either comparatively
moderate or negative rates for growth of R&D investment
and R&D intensity.
¡ö The business sector finances and executes a high share of R&D
in several EU countries. However, comparing the EU average to
the US and Japanese shares respectively, the EU¡¯s business sector
is lagging far behind.Perspectives
In order to meet the objective set at the Lisbon Summit in March
000 to make the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-
based economy in the world by 010, the EU has a major
challenge ahead. While both the private and the public sectors
need to invest more in R&D, these investments should be made in
an effective way, with special focus on mechanisms to stimulate efficiency
throughout the whole R&D system. During the past few
years, growth in R&D financing has been insufficient, but more
progress has been made in the way the funds are allocated. For instance,
public funds are increasingly awarded on a competitive basis,
often through intermediary public funding organisations and
via public-private co-financing programmes.
Aiming at achieving the % objective by the year 010, much attention
is being paid to enhancing private sector efforts in research.
In particular, as Europe lags significantly behind the US in venture
capital financing, additional efforts have been made to support
venture capital financing in seed, start-up and expansion phases of
new business activities; these are expected to generate new business
sector R&D activities and R&D performers. Also, public sector
R&D should be strengthened with new resources for research
along with increases in public funding for private sector R&D.
Because of the potential systemic failures of national innovation
systems (mismatches, inefficiencies, lack of collaboration), an increase
in funding is not enough on its own. Other factors affecting
the volume of R&D and the level of R&D intensity should be taken
into account as well. These include, for example the regulatory
environment for R&D; the stock of human resources in research;
and the capacity of the innovation system to absorb any increases
in funding; and the capability of R&D financiers and
performers to co-operate and use funding in a productive way.
The role of governments is increasingly seen to be to act as a facilitator,
creating a favourable regulatory framework and environment
for the various players in the innovation system to conduct
research and to collaborate with each other. The key issue is stimulating
public¨Cprivate partnerships in both financing and in research
and development. In this regard, Community funding
through Framework Programmes has opened up new avenues for
more intensive collaboration and participation in multi-annual
pre-competitive R&D bringing together partners from various
countries and from different sectors of the economy. This trend is
enhanced by the implementation of the Sixth Framework Programme
with the introduction of new instruments, and by the
favourable development of Community funding for co-operative
R&D activities.Part Human Resources in S&T
Human resources are an important element of the knowledgebased
economy. The role of human resources in economic processes
is being re-defined ¨C from the creator of knowledge in
S&T processes to the applicant of knowledge within broader the
economy. Human resources in S&T are measured by the numbers
of people in S&T related occupations, and the level of formal
educational qualifications in the labour force.
This section analyses key indicators on human resources in S&T,
including numbers of researchers, graduates in S&T (especially
new PhDs), investment in tertiary education, international mobility
of students and researchers and women in S&T.
Key findings
¡ö In the EU Member States, the proportion of researchers in the
labour force is low compared to the US and Japan; only Finland
and Sweden are at the same high level.
¡ö The EU produces more S&T graduates than the US or Japan,
both in absolute terms and in relation to population size.
¡ö EU Member States invest less of their national resources in tertiary
education than the US, but more than Japan.
¡ö The main foreign destinations of EU students are the US and
Canada. The main regions of origin of foreign researchers in the
EU are other European countries, Asia and Oceania.
¡ö In the EU, women are less well represented than men in S&T and
the situation is even worse among researchers.
Mind that the sample papers like EU - Problems and Perspectives presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Part 1 R&D Investment for the
Knowledge-Based Economy
Scientific and technological knowledge and its wide dissemination
play a vital role in the knowledge-based economy. It is widely
agreed that research and development (R&D), along with the
availability of a highly skilled workforce, the creation of an intense
interplay between the stakeholders of national innovation systems,
and the effective use of information and communication technologies,
are the key conditions for successful innovation and the competitiveness
of advanced economies.
The capacity to create and apply knowledge has become more important
in the production of goods and services. On the one hand,
production is more research-intensive, drawing on the utilisation
of research findings; on the other hand, it is technology-intensive,
drawing on the exploitation of new technology, and on the command
of the knowledge base of advanced and tailored services and
complex production processes.
This part of the document first examines the investments that various
countries are making in R&D, and the main sectors making
those investments. Secondly, some key figures on Community
funding of research by means of the Framework Programmes are
presented. Thirdly, since in most countries the business sector plays
the most important role in terms of R&D spending, private investment
will be examined in more detail. As venture capital (VC)
investment ¨C from private as well as public sources ¨C becomes more
and more important for the creation of new firms and employment,
key data on VC investment will conclude this part.
Key findings
¡ö Since the mid-10s, the gap in R&D financing between the EU
and the US has almost doubled in volume terms. The gap is
mostly because the growth in R&D activities in the main EU
economies has been low by comparison to that in the US,
especially in France, the UK and Italy.
¡ö There are substantial differences between Europe and its
main competitors in the structure of their R&D funding. In
the EU, while governments account for a much larger share
of R&D investment than in the US and Japan, the situation is
the reverse in the case of business R&D. The absolute volume
and the growth of R&D investments being made by
European companies are substantially below the levels found
in the US.
¡ö The EU countries have converged in terms of the development of
their R&D system. On the one hand, most of the small EU
economies, and those that are catching up, have recorded the
highest growth rates for R&D investment and R&D intensity
(the amount of R&D investment per unit of GDP). On the other
hand, the major EU economies have registered either comparatively
moderate or negative rates for growth of R&D investment
and R&D intensity.
¡ö The business sector finances and executes a high share of R&D
in several EU countries. However, comparing the EU average to
the US and Japanese shares respectively, the EU¡¯s business sector
is lagging far behind.Perspectives
In order to meet the objective set at the Lisbon Summit in March
000 to make the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-
based economy in the world by 010, the EU has a major
challenge ahead. While both the private and the public sectors
need to invest more in R&D, these investments should be made in
an effective way, with special focus on mechanisms to stimulate efficiency
throughout the whole R&D system. During the past few
years, growth in R&D financing has been insufficient, but more
progress has been made in the way the funds are allocated. For instance,
public funds are increasingly awarded on a competitive basis,
often through intermediary public funding organisations and
via public-private co-financing programmes.
Aiming at achieving the % objective by the year 010, much attention
is being paid to enhancing private sector efforts in research.
In particular, as Europe lags significantly behind the US in venture
capital financing, additional efforts have been made to support
venture capital financing in seed, start-up and expansion phases of
new business activities; these are expected to generate new business
sector R&D activities and R&D performers. Also, public sector
R&D should be strengthened with new resources for research
along with increases in public funding for private sector R&D.
Because of the potential systemic failures of national innovation
systems (mismatches, inefficiencies, lack of collaboration), an increase
in funding is not enough on its own. Other factors affecting
the volume of R&D and the level of R&D intensity should be taken
into account as well. These include, for example the regulatory
environment for R&D; the stock of human resources in research;
and the capacity of the innovation system to absorb any increases
in funding; and the capability of R&D financiers and
performers to co-operate and use funding in a productive way.
The role of governments is increasingly seen to be to act as a facilitator,
creating a favourable regulatory framework and environment
for the various players in the innovation system to conduct
research and to collaborate with each other. The key issue is stimulating
public¨Cprivate partnerships in both financing and in research
and development. In this regard, Community funding
through Framework Programmes has opened up new avenues for
more intensive collaboration and participation in multi-annual
pre-competitive R&D bringing together partners from various
countries and from different sectors of the economy. This trend is
enhanced by the implementation of the Sixth Framework Programme
with the introduction of new instruments, and by the
favourable development of Community funding for co-operative
R&D activities.Part Human Resources in S&T
Human resources are an important element of the knowledgebased
economy. The role of human resources in economic processes
is being re-defined ¨C from the creator of knowledge in
S&T processes to the applicant of knowledge within broader the
economy. Human resources in S&T are measured by the numbers
of people in S&T related occupations, and the level of formal
educational qualifications in the labour force.
This section analyses key indicators on human resources in S&T,
including numbers of researchers, graduates in S&T (especially
new PhDs), investment in tertiary education, international mobility
of students and researchers and women in S&T.
Key findings
¡ö In the EU Member States, the proportion of researchers in the
labour force is low compared to the US and Japan; only Finland
and Sweden are at the same high level.
¡ö The EU produces more S&T graduates than the US or Japan,
both in absolute terms and in relation to population size.
¡ö EU Member States invest less of their national resources in tertiary
education than the US, but more than Japan.
¡ö The main foreign destinations of EU students are the US and
Canada. The main regions of origin of foreign researchers in the
EU are other European countries, Asia and Oceania.
¡ö In the EU, women are less well represented than men in S&T and
the situation is even worse among researchers.
Mind that the sample papers like EU - Problems and Perspectives presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Subsidies in EU
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Subsidies in EU even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Subsidies in EU in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Franz Fischler, Commissioner responsible for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, was in Spain to discuss the Commissions proposals on the mid-term review of the common agricultural policy (CAP). He explained why it is in Spanish farmers interest to adapt farm policy now Why not wait until after 006? With EUR 6 billion in farm subsidies, Spain is the second-largest beneficiary of the CAP after France and clearly a net recipient. So Spanish farmers in particular have a major stake in the continuance of a strong, coherent and credible common agricultural policy. But this is precisely what we stand to lose if we do not act now and make the necessary changes. The CAP lacks credibility with European taxpayers, as recent opinion polls have shown. Sitting and waiting would be the worst possible solution for our farmers if we do not introduce reforms now, but choose to wait until the EU budget for the post-007 period is up for discussion, the farm budget will be the first in line for cuts. What is more, if we cannot go on the offensive in the WTO negotiations on the basis of a less trade-distorting farm policy, it is obvious that, come the end of the Doha Round in 004, the EU will be facing the prospect of severe cuts in its controversial direct payments without the possibility of farmers being compensated. This cannot be in the interests of Spanish farmers, he said.Franz Fischler, Commissioner responsible for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, was in Spain to discuss the Commissions proposals on the mid-term review of the common agricultural policy (CAP). He explained why it is in Spanish farmers interest to adapt farm policy now Why not wait until after 006? With EUR 6 billion in farm subsidies, Spain is the second-largest beneficiary of the CAP after France and clearly a net recipient. So Spanish farmers in particular have a major stake in the continuance of a strong, coherent and credible common agricultural policy. But this is precisely what we stand to lose if we do not act now and make the necessary changes. The CAP lacks credibility with European taxpayers, as recent opinion polls have shown. Sitting and waiting would be the worst possible solution for our farmers if we do not introduce reforms now, but choose to wait until the EU budget for the post-007 period is up for discussion, the farm budget will be the first in line for cuts. What is more, if we cannot go on the offensive in the WTO negotiations on the basis of a less trade-distorting farm policy, it is obvious that, come the end of the Doha Round in 004, the EU will be facing the prospect of severe cuts in its controversial direct payments without the possibility of farmers being compensated. This cannot be in the interests of Spanish farmers, he said.
Mind that the sample papers like Subsidies in EU presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Franz Fischler, Commissioner responsible for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, was in Spain to discuss the Commissions proposals on the mid-term review of the common agricultural policy (CAP). He explained why it is in Spanish farmers interest to adapt farm policy now Why not wait until after 006? With EUR 6 billion in farm subsidies, Spain is the second-largest beneficiary of the CAP after France and clearly a net recipient. So Spanish farmers in particular have a major stake in the continuance of a strong, coherent and credible common agricultural policy. But this is precisely what we stand to lose if we do not act now and make the necessary changes. The CAP lacks credibility with European taxpayers, as recent opinion polls have shown. Sitting and waiting would be the worst possible solution for our farmers if we do not introduce reforms now, but choose to wait until the EU budget for the post-007 period is up for discussion, the farm budget will be the first in line for cuts. What is more, if we cannot go on the offensive in the WTO negotiations on the basis of a less trade-distorting farm policy, it is obvious that, come the end of the Doha Round in 004, the EU will be facing the prospect of severe cuts in its controversial direct payments without the possibility of farmers being compensated. This cannot be in the interests of Spanish farmers, he said.Franz Fischler, Commissioner responsible for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries, was in Spain to discuss the Commissions proposals on the mid-term review of the common agricultural policy (CAP). He explained why it is in Spanish farmers interest to adapt farm policy now Why not wait until after 006? With EUR 6 billion in farm subsidies, Spain is the second-largest beneficiary of the CAP after France and clearly a net recipient. So Spanish farmers in particular have a major stake in the continuance of a strong, coherent and credible common agricultural policy. But this is precisely what we stand to lose if we do not act now and make the necessary changes. The CAP lacks credibility with European taxpayers, as recent opinion polls have shown. Sitting and waiting would be the worst possible solution for our farmers if we do not introduce reforms now, but choose to wait until the EU budget for the post-007 period is up for discussion, the farm budget will be the first in line for cuts. What is more, if we cannot go on the offensive in the WTO negotiations on the basis of a less trade-distorting farm policy, it is obvious that, come the end of the Doha Round in 004, the EU will be facing the prospect of severe cuts in its controversial direct payments without the possibility of farmers being compensated. This cannot be in the interests of Spanish farmers, he said.
Mind that the sample papers like Subsidies in EU presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Saturday 14 July 2012
simulations
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like simulations even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like simulations in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
In the past five years, the entertainment industry has been more and more focused on the idea of reality-based entertainment. This vast desire for seemingly live television has made a great impact upon major network television stations. Shows such as MTV’s Real World and CBS’s Survivor are great indicators of society’s obsession with drama in a “live” situation. It seems our infatuation with these shows stems from our desire to focus our attention away from our own tribulations and focus on problems elsewhere. Our mysterious want for conflict among others has forced many networks to provoke such drama, for example in Survivor, where castaways are forced to take sides and vote another member off the island. This idea of social Darwinism in shows like Survivor and the ever so popular Big Brother force major networks to create entertainment that both provoke and stimulate disagreement among participants. Personally, I feel that because of television’s fixation with reality-based programs, people are now turning to the movie industry to get away from such realistic forms of entertainment. Popular movies such as Bedazzled, The Ladies Man, and The Exorcist all deal with fantasy type situations. Bedazzled, starring Brendan Frasier and Elizabeth Hurley is about a man who sells his soul to the devil, played by Hurley. Moviegoers can simply escape reality for a few hours by entertaining themselves with themes such as this. Genres focusing on such fantasy are rarely seen on prime-time television these days, especially on the major networks such as FOX and ABC. Why is this? Well my impression is that people feel as if they deserve to come home and take their mind of the troubles they had for the day. By being able to watch shows such as ER, which ranked first among viewers this past week, people can direct their attention onto another person’s drama while ignoring their own. Voyeurism today is clearly an indicator of change in taste for viewers around the world. According to Time Almanac1, the top three shows of 18 were Seinfeld, Veronica’s Closet, and Friends. If you look at the top three shows during months while a reality based show is being aired, you will most typically find that show to be number one among viewers in the rankings. This growing trend of live-based entertainment is setting a new stage for twenty first century viewers today. Real-life issues however can be distorted at times when being seen second hand. MTV’s Real World has been accused several times of editing their tape purposely to show conflict for the viewers. From my perspective, I do not see how you cannot purposely create conflict when you put seven completely different people into one house. Add cameras and you are guaranteed drama. This was the same for CBS’s Big Brother this past season. Although the majority of time residents got along just fine, there were many scenes that focused on the personal problems of those living in the house. Whether it dealt with a crush on another member of the house, or a disagreement, viewers were able to relate their issues to those in the house, making them feel as if they are not alone. This is a primary reason why we see such an increase in reality-based television these days. If you analyze current rankings among primetime network shows, you will not find as many reality based shows. This is because seasons of both Survivor and Big Brother have just ended. New series’ will be coming out sometime in 001, where networks feel the impact will be even greater than last time. ABC’s Who Wants To Be A Millionaire is however still one of the top syndicated shows in the industry today. This provides both a trivial and real life perspective for viewers out there. Unlike its other competitors in the world of “live based” television, Who Wants To Be A Millionaire gives those who watch substance, instead of pure provoked conflict. Honestly, from my point of view, I feel the relationship between the movie industry and the contemporary issues in society do not represent each other at all. Movies in my opinion deal with much more with unrealistic themes. Either when talking about comedy, or horror-based films, movies tend to provide a much greater perspective of our imaginative side. Recent films such as Me, Myself, and Irene and Whipped, give audiences insane comedy that would never be thought of in the real world. I also feel movies leave a greater impact on the mind than television shows do. Because movies can be sometimes far fetched, people are many times inspired to act upon what they have seen in movies. Many school killings such as Columbine have been said to be inspired by movies, specifically Basketball Diaries, in which Leonardo Di Caprio’s character shoots his entire class during school. These fantasy ideas given to viewers can sometimes be dangerous for vulnerable teenagers to see, but thanks to laws such as our rating system, the industry tries it’s best to keep such movies out of the minds of our youth. Another relationship that I found to be very insightful is that of the nightly news and drama based shows such as Big Brother. As focused on earlier in this class, news today deals with mostly negative information and investigative reporting. This so called drama we see in the news is highly demanded; ironically this is exactly what voyeuristic viewers yearn for as well a situation where conflict and negativity are highly prevalent. In a nation of immense variety, society has found a common interest when it comes to television shows today. Reality-based entertainment is definitely the standard for today’s major networks. It will be interesting to see what stations come out with in the next few years that deal with our voyeuristic wants. The question on my mind is how far are people willing to go when it comes to submitting themselves to the public for means of entertainment. From what I have witnessed so far, the more money offered, the farther people are willing to take away their privacy and cash it in for fame. What we must realize though is that television shows that are based on real life are still television shows. It’s entertainment and we must not let ourselves get buried into the turmoil of others we see on TV today, even if it seems “live”.
Mind that the sample papers like simulations presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In the past five years, the entertainment industry has been more and more focused on the idea of reality-based entertainment. This vast desire for seemingly live television has made a great impact upon major network television stations. Shows such as MTV’s Real World and CBS’s Survivor are great indicators of society’s obsession with drama in a “live” situation. It seems our infatuation with these shows stems from our desire to focus our attention away from our own tribulations and focus on problems elsewhere. Our mysterious want for conflict among others has forced many networks to provoke such drama, for example in Survivor, where castaways are forced to take sides and vote another member off the island. This idea of social Darwinism in shows like Survivor and the ever so popular Big Brother force major networks to create entertainment that both provoke and stimulate disagreement among participants. Personally, I feel that because of television’s fixation with reality-based programs, people are now turning to the movie industry to get away from such realistic forms of entertainment. Popular movies such as Bedazzled, The Ladies Man, and The Exorcist all deal with fantasy type situations. Bedazzled, starring Brendan Frasier and Elizabeth Hurley is about a man who sells his soul to the devil, played by Hurley. Moviegoers can simply escape reality for a few hours by entertaining themselves with themes such as this. Genres focusing on such fantasy are rarely seen on prime-time television these days, especially on the major networks such as FOX and ABC. Why is this? Well my impression is that people feel as if they deserve to come home and take their mind of the troubles they had for the day. By being able to watch shows such as ER, which ranked first among viewers this past week, people can direct their attention onto another person’s drama while ignoring their own. Voyeurism today is clearly an indicator of change in taste for viewers around the world. According to Time Almanac1, the top three shows of 18 were Seinfeld, Veronica’s Closet, and Friends. If you look at the top three shows during months while a reality based show is being aired, you will most typically find that show to be number one among viewers in the rankings. This growing trend of live-based entertainment is setting a new stage for twenty first century viewers today. Real-life issues however can be distorted at times when being seen second hand. MTV’s Real World has been accused several times of editing their tape purposely to show conflict for the viewers. From my perspective, I do not see how you cannot purposely create conflict when you put seven completely different people into one house. Add cameras and you are guaranteed drama. This was the same for CBS’s Big Brother this past season. Although the majority of time residents got along just fine, there were many scenes that focused on the personal problems of those living in the house. Whether it dealt with a crush on another member of the house, or a disagreement, viewers were able to relate their issues to those in the house, making them feel as if they are not alone. This is a primary reason why we see such an increase in reality-based television these days. If you analyze current rankings among primetime network shows, you will not find as many reality based shows. This is because seasons of both Survivor and Big Brother have just ended. New series’ will be coming out sometime in 001, where networks feel the impact will be even greater than last time. ABC’s Who Wants To Be A Millionaire is however still one of the top syndicated shows in the industry today. This provides both a trivial and real life perspective for viewers out there. Unlike its other competitors in the world of “live based” television, Who Wants To Be A Millionaire gives those who watch substance, instead of pure provoked conflict. Honestly, from my point of view, I feel the relationship between the movie industry and the contemporary issues in society do not represent each other at all. Movies in my opinion deal with much more with unrealistic themes. Either when talking about comedy, or horror-based films, movies tend to provide a much greater perspective of our imaginative side. Recent films such as Me, Myself, and Irene and Whipped, give audiences insane comedy that would never be thought of in the real world. I also feel movies leave a greater impact on the mind than television shows do. Because movies can be sometimes far fetched, people are many times inspired to act upon what they have seen in movies. Many school killings such as Columbine have been said to be inspired by movies, specifically Basketball Diaries, in which Leonardo Di Caprio’s character shoots his entire class during school. These fantasy ideas given to viewers can sometimes be dangerous for vulnerable teenagers to see, but thanks to laws such as our rating system, the industry tries it’s best to keep such movies out of the minds of our youth. Another relationship that I found to be very insightful is that of the nightly news and drama based shows such as Big Brother. As focused on earlier in this class, news today deals with mostly negative information and investigative reporting. This so called drama we see in the news is highly demanded; ironically this is exactly what voyeuristic viewers yearn for as well a situation where conflict and negativity are highly prevalent. In a nation of immense variety, society has found a common interest when it comes to television shows today. Reality-based entertainment is definitely the standard for today’s major networks. It will be interesting to see what stations come out with in the next few years that deal with our voyeuristic wants. The question on my mind is how far are people willing to go when it comes to submitting themselves to the public for means of entertainment. From what I have witnessed so far, the more money offered, the farther people are willing to take away their privacy and cash it in for fame. What we must realize though is that television shows that are based on real life are still television shows. It’s entertainment and we must not let ourselves get buried into the turmoil of others we see on TV today, even if it seems “live”.
Mind that the sample papers like simulations presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday 13 July 2012
ferignighet 451
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like ferignighet 451 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like ferignighet 451 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Come into the world of Fahrenheit 451 as you read the story of a society not able to posses much individualality. In this novel, you will experiance the tension as Guy Montags life changes. Guy Montag is a book burner for the Fire Department. This future society is banned from reading books, and is stuck in a life of trying to obtain happyness from techknowledgy, while ingaging in minimum social relations. One day, Guy Montag is on his way home from work and a teenage girl named Clarisse McClellan confronts him and discusses how life used to be. She also askes Montag how happy he is. Montag is very disturbed by this question because he, and everyone else, are in denile with themselfs about the way life is. Many people, including Montags wife, Mildred, overdose on pills to deal with thier dippression. America is also full of kids who go around killing each other. Montag has had enough and decides to reveal a shocking secret. He has been hiding books in his house, and he is about to try to start a movement to make books legal again. He also plans to frame firemen by planting books in thier houses in order to get them burned down. Things take a turn for the worst when his neighbor, and friend Clarisse gets run over by a couple of murdering joyriders. Unfortunatly, his wife betrays him by turning him into the police for harboring books, and his house is burnt to a pulp. Even though his wife has betrayed him, Montag doesnt care too much because he thinks of burning his house as burning an old way of life. After the house is burnt, Montag is to be arrested. The true climax comes when he is forced to burn the fire chief, Captin Beatty, alive in order to save a friend. Now Montag is a murdering fugitive running from the law as the whole country is looking for him. See what happenes as the story comes to a nail biteing ending in Fahrenheit 451!
Mind that the sample papers like ferignighet 451 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Come into the world of Fahrenheit 451 as you read the story of a society not able to posses much individualality. In this novel, you will experiance the tension as Guy Montags life changes. Guy Montag is a book burner for the Fire Department. This future society is banned from reading books, and is stuck in a life of trying to obtain happyness from techknowledgy, while ingaging in minimum social relations. One day, Guy Montag is on his way home from work and a teenage girl named Clarisse McClellan confronts him and discusses how life used to be. She also askes Montag how happy he is. Montag is very disturbed by this question because he, and everyone else, are in denile with themselfs about the way life is. Many people, including Montags wife, Mildred, overdose on pills to deal with thier dippression. America is also full of kids who go around killing each other. Montag has had enough and decides to reveal a shocking secret. He has been hiding books in his house, and he is about to try to start a movement to make books legal again. He also plans to frame firemen by planting books in thier houses in order to get them burned down. Things take a turn for the worst when his neighbor, and friend Clarisse gets run over by a couple of murdering joyriders. Unfortunatly, his wife betrays him by turning him into the police for harboring books, and his house is burnt to a pulp. Even though his wife has betrayed him, Montag doesnt care too much because he thinks of burning his house as burning an old way of life. After the house is burnt, Montag is to be arrested. The true climax comes when he is forced to burn the fire chief, Captin Beatty, alive in order to save a friend. Now Montag is a murdering fugitive running from the law as the whole country is looking for him. See what happenes as the story comes to a nail biteing ending in Fahrenheit 451!
Mind that the sample papers like ferignighet 451 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Essay
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Essay even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Essay in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
1. How does your ecosystem differ from a natural ecosystem?
My ecosystem is artificial, meaning that it is controlled and not completely natural. Natural ecosystems are completely dependent upon themselves and have a chance of failing or changing due to human interferences. An artificial ecosystem is partly reliant on an outside source. In this case, I am the outside source, as I have created and maintained the ecosystem by guaranteeing the proper amount of sunlight, the location, and the amount and different kinds of species. Also, there are differences in the behaviour of the inhabitants of the ecosystem. My organisms do not have to compete for food, or fear predators, therefore increasing their life expectancy. However, the natality rate among my organisms would be very low, as there are only a couple of species and very few numbers of them. From this, I realized that an artificial ecosystem would be suitable for one generation of species, and not a continuous cycle.
Thus, I conclude that the two main differences in an artifical ecosystem in comparison with a natural one are a) The conditions and maintenance of the entire ecosystem
- artificial Controlled and carefully assuring appropriate amounts of sunlight, temperation etc.
- natural Easy to be interfered with the doings of humans; exposed to a various amount of temperature and weather changes
b) The behaviours of the organisms living within the ecosystem so as to maintain balance
- artificial Under ideal conditions, organisms have a high life expectancy and a low natality rate
- natural Harsher environment requiring adaptability; organisms have a lower life expectancy, but a higher natality rate
. How do plants make their own food and animals get the necessary nutrients from the ecosystem?
The aquatic plants act as a ‘gateway’ to the food chain in my ecosystem. They acquire their nutrients through photosynthesis. This is one of the reasons why 10 hours of sunlight is required. Through photosynthesis, the plant is capable of surviving and acting as a food source for the fish. The snails, as the decomposers, (linking the top of the food chain to the bottom), feed of off the fish waste and the remains of dead fish (when possible). The snails decompose the waste into nitrates for the plants to absorb. Because my ecosystem is smaller than a natural ecosystem, it only has two trophic levels. The plant/algae are the producers, the fish are the first order consumers, and the snails are the decomposers.
. Why is light required?
Light is required for three reasons.
a) Plants require the light for photosynthesis.
b) Light is required for the ecosystem to maintain a proper temperature in order for the organisms to survive. Sunlight is a form of energy, and it must enter my ecosystem the same at the same time that infrared light is radiated out .When the temperature is too cold or too hot (too little light or too much light), or constantly changing from one extreme to the other, the organisms (especially the fish) cannot survive very well.
4. What do you think will happen if a fish or snail dies?
Death is normal in an ecosystem as one generation needs to be eventually replaced with another. However, in an ecosystem as small as mine, death should not be occurring too often, as the ecosystem will collapse if too many organisms die. One death may not be that bad for the ecosystem, as the dead organism will act as an extra food source for the other creatures that will begin feeding upon it. The other fish may begin eating it soon, while the snails would turn the dead fish into useful nutrients for the plant (nitrates). That dead may be the cause of over-crowding, and it would prove to be good for the rest of the creatures, as its death would give the ecosystem more stability (more room for the other fish). However, the death of a fish or snail could also mean that there is an imbalance in the ecosystem, and the chances of the other few fish and snails dying is increased.
5. If your ecosystem is healthy, explain the factors that are responsible for making your ecosystem successful.
The perfect ecosystem has oxygen-consuming bacteria (from the water), fish and snails consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide at the same time as the green plants are producing oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This is called an ecological equilibrium.
My ecosystem is healthy mainly due to the caution I took when putting the ecosystem together. The controlled factors (the factors that I influenced) included the container for the ecosystem, the temperature and amount of sunlight in which I tried to ensure would be appropriate for the ecosystem.
Firstly, I found a container that would be the perfect size for my three fish, three snails and few strands of aquatic plants. The number of fish, snails and plants was also taken into consideration as it would have to be proportionate to the container size. The amount of space in the container should be sufficient, as a clustered artificial ecosystem is the equivalent of an over-populated natural ecosystem.
Secondly, I situated my ecosystem in a room where I knew sunlight reaches for quite a few hours. Also, I placed the bowl in the same room to try and allow sunlight to reach the bowl at the same time of day. This is to allow the fish and snails to adapt to their surroundings.
Thirdly, I made sure that the bowl was not being overheated due to the amounts of sunlight. This problem I went around by placing the bowl at a safe distance from the window, while checking on it every few hours to see if the distance is too close or too far.
Finally, the rest would be left up to the organisms to develop a food chain, find food and adapt to their surroundings.
Mind that the sample papers like Essay presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
1. How does your ecosystem differ from a natural ecosystem?
My ecosystem is artificial, meaning that it is controlled and not completely natural. Natural ecosystems are completely dependent upon themselves and have a chance of failing or changing due to human interferences. An artificial ecosystem is partly reliant on an outside source. In this case, I am the outside source, as I have created and maintained the ecosystem by guaranteeing the proper amount of sunlight, the location, and the amount and different kinds of species. Also, there are differences in the behaviour of the inhabitants of the ecosystem. My organisms do not have to compete for food, or fear predators, therefore increasing their life expectancy. However, the natality rate among my organisms would be very low, as there are only a couple of species and very few numbers of them. From this, I realized that an artificial ecosystem would be suitable for one generation of species, and not a continuous cycle.
Thus, I conclude that the two main differences in an artifical ecosystem in comparison with a natural one are a) The conditions and maintenance of the entire ecosystem
- artificial Controlled and carefully assuring appropriate amounts of sunlight, temperation etc.
- natural Easy to be interfered with the doings of humans; exposed to a various amount of temperature and weather changes
b) The behaviours of the organisms living within the ecosystem so as to maintain balance
- artificial Under ideal conditions, organisms have a high life expectancy and a low natality rate
- natural Harsher environment requiring adaptability; organisms have a lower life expectancy, but a higher natality rate
. How do plants make their own food and animals get the necessary nutrients from the ecosystem?
The aquatic plants act as a ‘gateway’ to the food chain in my ecosystem. They acquire their nutrients through photosynthesis. This is one of the reasons why 10 hours of sunlight is required. Through photosynthesis, the plant is capable of surviving and acting as a food source for the fish. The snails, as the decomposers, (linking the top of the food chain to the bottom), feed of off the fish waste and the remains of dead fish (when possible). The snails decompose the waste into nitrates for the plants to absorb. Because my ecosystem is smaller than a natural ecosystem, it only has two trophic levels. The plant/algae are the producers, the fish are the first order consumers, and the snails are the decomposers.
. Why is light required?
Light is required for three reasons.
a) Plants require the light for photosynthesis.
b) Light is required for the ecosystem to maintain a proper temperature in order for the organisms to survive. Sunlight is a form of energy, and it must enter my ecosystem the same at the same time that infrared light is radiated out .When the temperature is too cold or too hot (too little light or too much light), or constantly changing from one extreme to the other, the organisms (especially the fish) cannot survive very well.
4. What do you think will happen if a fish or snail dies?
Death is normal in an ecosystem as one generation needs to be eventually replaced with another. However, in an ecosystem as small as mine, death should not be occurring too often, as the ecosystem will collapse if too many organisms die. One death may not be that bad for the ecosystem, as the dead organism will act as an extra food source for the other creatures that will begin feeding upon it. The other fish may begin eating it soon, while the snails would turn the dead fish into useful nutrients for the plant (nitrates). That dead may be the cause of over-crowding, and it would prove to be good for the rest of the creatures, as its death would give the ecosystem more stability (more room for the other fish). However, the death of a fish or snail could also mean that there is an imbalance in the ecosystem, and the chances of the other few fish and snails dying is increased.
5. If your ecosystem is healthy, explain the factors that are responsible for making your ecosystem successful.
The perfect ecosystem has oxygen-consuming bacteria (from the water), fish and snails consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide at the same time as the green plants are producing oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This is called an ecological equilibrium.
My ecosystem is healthy mainly due to the caution I took when putting the ecosystem together. The controlled factors (the factors that I influenced) included the container for the ecosystem, the temperature and amount of sunlight in which I tried to ensure would be appropriate for the ecosystem.
Firstly, I found a container that would be the perfect size for my three fish, three snails and few strands of aquatic plants. The number of fish, snails and plants was also taken into consideration as it would have to be proportionate to the container size. The amount of space in the container should be sufficient, as a clustered artificial ecosystem is the equivalent of an over-populated natural ecosystem.
Secondly, I situated my ecosystem in a room where I knew sunlight reaches for quite a few hours. Also, I placed the bowl in the same room to try and allow sunlight to reach the bowl at the same time of day. This is to allow the fish and snails to adapt to their surroundings.
Thirdly, I made sure that the bowl was not being overheated due to the amounts of sunlight. This problem I went around by placing the bowl at a safe distance from the window, while checking on it every few hours to see if the distance is too close or too far.
Finally, the rest would be left up to the organisms to develop a food chain, find food and adapt to their surroundings.
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