Wednesday 23 January 2013

laos

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The capital of Laos, or Lao People¡¦s Democratic Republic, is Vientiane. It is in Asia and its size is 6,800 kilo meters. That¡¦s a little bigger than Utah. Laos has a tropical monsoon climate. Temperatures range between 57¢XF and ¢XF with April as the warmest month, and January as the coolest month. Laos borders Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Japan took over Laos in World War II and France took it back in 146. Laos won independence from France in July 1, 14 and it is a communist country. Laos also fought in the Vietnam War for the north side. The people in Laos are open, kind, and friendly. In Laos, you salute by holding your hands together in front of your chest. Bo pen ngang (never mind) is a common expression. Laos has a wide range of food, ranging from European to Asian cuisine. Lao food is very spicy, but you can find Japanese, French, Italian, Chinese, Indian and other kinds of food in Laos. But if you ever visit Laos please do not forget to try khao neo (sticky rice). Khao neo is a symbol of Laos and it¡¦s taken together with all sort of food (like Europeans eat bread). In Laos there are no separate courses and all the dishes are served at the same time. Lao marriages are similar to Buddhist marriages. One of Laos¡¦s holidays is Republic Day which is celebrated on December . some agricultural products are sweet potatoes, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton; tea, peanuts, rice; water buffalo, pigs, and cattle.

Mind that the sample papers like laos presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

transistors

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like transistors even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like transistors in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Citation

Text Volti, Rudi. Transistor. The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society. New York Facts On File, Inc., 1. Facts On File, Inc. Science Online. www.factsonfile.com.



Silicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that man produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon.




Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy-band gaps smaller than eV. An important property of semiconductors is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors have electrical resistivities between 10-5 and 107 ohms. Semiconductors can be crystalline or amorphous. Elemental semiconductors are simple-element semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.

Silicon is the most common semiconductor material used today. It is used for diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories, infrared detection and lenses, light-emitting diodes (LED), photosensors, strain gages, solar cells, charge transfer devices, radiation detectors and a variety of other devices. Silicon belongs to the group IV in the periodic table. It is a grey brittle material with a diamond cubic structure. Silicon is conventionally doped with Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony and Boron, Aluminum, and Gallium acceptors. The energy gap of silicon is 1.1 eV. This value permits the operation of silicon semiconductors devices at higher temperatures than germanium.

Now I will give you some brief history of the evolution of electronics which will help you understand more about semiconductors and the silicon chip. In the early 100’s before integrated circuits and silicon chips were invented, computers and radios were made with vacuum tubes. The vacuum tube was invented in 106 by Dr.Lee DeForest. Throughout the first half of the 0th century, vacuum tubes were used to conduct, modulate and amplify electrical signals. They made possible a variety of new products including the radio and the computer. However vacuum tubes had some inherent problems. They were bulky, delicate and expensive, consumed a great deal of power, took time to warm up, got very hot, and eventually burned out. The first digital computer contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 50 tins, and required 140 kilowatts of power.

By the 10’s, researchers at the Bell Telephone Laboratories were looking for a replacement for the vacuum tube. They began studying the electrical properties of semiconductors which are non-metallic substances, such as silicon, that are neither conductors of electricity, like metal, nor insulators like wood, but whose electrical properties lie between these extremes. By 147 the transistor was invented. The Bell Labs research team sought a way of directly altering the electrical properties of semiconductor material. They learned they could change and control these properties by doping the semiconductor, or infusing it with selected elements, heated to a gaseous phase. When the semiconductor was also heated, atoms from the gases would seep into it and modify its pure, crystal structure by displacing some atoms. Because these dopant atoms had different amount of electrons than the semiconductor atoms, they formed conductive paths. If the dopant atoms had more electrons than the semiconductor atoms, the doped regions were called n-type to signify and excess of negative charge. Less electrons, or an excess of positive charge, created p-type regions. By allowing this dopant to take place in carefully delineated areas on the surface of the semiconductor, p-type regions could be created within n-type regions, and vice-versa. The transistor was much smaller than the vacuum tube, did not get very hot, and did not require a headed filament that would eventually burn out.

Finally in 158, integrated circuits were invented. By the mid 150’s, the first commercial transistors were being shipped. However research continued. The scientist began to think that if one transistor could be built within one solid piece of semiconductor material, why not multiple transistors or even an entire circuit. With in a few years this speculation became one solid piece of material. These integrated circuits(ICs) reduced the number of electrical interconnections required in a piece of electronic equipment, thus increasing reliability and speed. In contrast, the first digital electronic computer built with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 50 tons, cost about 1 million, required 140 kilowatts of power, and occupied an entire room. Today, a complete computer, fabricated within a single piece of silicon the size of a child’s fingernail, cost only about $10.00.

Now I will tell you the method of how the integrated circuits and the silicon chip is formed. Before the IC is actually created a large scale drawing, about 400 times larger than the actual size is created. It takes approximately one year to create an integrated circuit. Then they have to make a mask. Depending on the level of complexity, an IC will require from 5 to 18 different glass masks, or work plates to create the layers of circuit patterns that must be transferred to the surface of a silicon wafer. Mask-making begins with an electron-beam exposure system called MEBES. MEBES translates the digitized data from the pattern generating tape into physical form by shooting an intense beam of electrons at a chemically coated glass plate. The result is a precise rendering, in its exact size, of a single circuit layer, often less than one-quarter inch square. Working with incredible precision , it can produce a line one-sixtieth the width of a human hair.

After purification, molten silicon is doped, to give it a specific electrical characteristic. Then it is grown as a crystal into a cylindrical ingot. A diamond saw is used to slice the ingot into thin, circular wafers which are then polished to a perfect mirror finish mechanically and chemically. At this point IC fabrication is ready to begin.

To begin the fabrication process, a silicon wafer (p-type, in this case) is loaded into a 100 C furnace through which pure oxygen flows. The end result is an added layer of silicon dioxide (SiO), grown on the surface of the wafer. The oxidized wafer is then coated with photoresist, a light-sensitive, honey-like emulsion. In this case we use a negative resist that hardens when exposed to ultra-violet light. To transfer the first layer of circuit patterns, the appropriate glass mask is placed directly over the wafer. In a machine much like a very precise photographic enlarger, an ultraviolet light is projected through the mask. The dark pattern on the mask conceals the wafer beneath it, allowing the photoresist to stay soft; but in all other areas, where light passes through the clear glass, the photoresist hardens. The wafer is then washed in a solvent that removes the soft photoresist, but leaves the hardened photoresist on the wafer. Where the photoresist was removed, the oxide layer is exposed. An etching bath removes this exposed oxide, as well as the remaining photoresist. What remains is a stencil of the mask pattern, in the form of minute channels of oxide and silicon. The wafer is placed in a diffusion furnace which will be filled with gaseous compounds (all n-type dopants), for a process known as impurity doping. In the hot furnace, the dopant atoms enter the areas of exposed silicon, forming a pattern of n-type material. An etching bath removes the remaining oxide, and a new layer of silicon (n-) is deposited onto the wafer. The first layer of the chip is now complete, and the masking process begins again a new layer of oxide is grown, the wafer is coated with photoresist, the second mask pattern is exposed to the wafer, and the oxide is etched away to reveal new diffusion areas. The process is repeated for every mask - as many as 18 - needed to create a particular IC. Of critical importance here is the precise alignment of each mask over the wafer surface. It is out of alignment more than a fraction of a micrometer (one-millionth of a meter), the entire wafer is useless. During the last diffusion a layer of oxide is again grown over the water. Most of this oxide layer is left on the wafer to serve as an electrical insulator, and only small openings are etched through the oxide to expose circuit contact areas. To interconnect these areas, a thin layer of metal (usually aluminum) is deposited over the entire surface. The metal dips down into the circuit contact areas, touching the silicon. Most of the surface metal is then etched away, leaving an interconnection pattern between the circuit elements. The final layer is vapox, or vapour-deposited-oxide, a glass-like material that protects the IC from contamination and damage. It, too, is etched away, but only above the bonding pads, the square aluminum areas to which wires will later be attached.



Mind that the sample papers like transistors presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Tuesday 22 January 2013

Linda Pastan

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Linda Pastan even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Linda Pastan in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Mark Loev

Mrs. O’Brian

English 4 - 10MWF

15 October 00




Study Questions

Study Questions on the Plays

MEDEA QUESTIONS Answer the following questions about these great plays using correct grammar and mechanics. You may receive up to 0 points for this activity if it is posted in the digital drop box on time and if it is completely original to you. These questions are designed to help you study and to do better on the tests.

1. Prologue (1-10)

a. According to the Nurse, why did Medea sail with Jason?

1. Because her heart was on fire with passionate love for Jason. 07

b. What is Medea’s attitude toward her children? What does the Nurse

fear she might do?

1. Medea hates her children. 11

. The nurse fears something may happen. 118

. Parados (11-1) how does the chorus of Corinthian women feel about

Medea?

1. The chorus feels medea is foolish. 148

. First Episode (14-40)

a. What order does Creon give to Medea?

1. Creon orders Medea to leave the territories. 70



b. Who is Medea’s grandfather?

1. Helios, the sun is her grandfather.

c. What is Medea’s view of the female sex?

1. They are the cleverest of contrivers. 406

4. Second Episode (446-66)

a. What criticism does Jason make of Medea?

1. Medea continually speaks ill of Creon. 446

b. What had Medea done for Jason?

1. Medea saved Jason’s life. 465

5. Third Episode (66-8)

a. What question did Aegeus ask of the Delphic Oracle?

1. He asked how children might be born to him. 65

b. By whom does Medea make Aegis swear?

1. She makes him swear by the plain of the earth, Helio’s, her grandfather, and by all the gods. 70

6. Fourth Episode (866-75)

a. What general attitude does Medea now present to Jason?

1. Medea’s attitude turns to thankfulness of Jason. 845

b. What is Jason’s reaction to Medea’s apparent change of mind?

1. He falls for her apparent change of mind. Jason thinks Medea has clear thinking now. 885

7. Fifth Episode (100-1)

a. What reasons does Medea give why she should kill her children?

1. Medea wants to hurt her enemies and not to be laughed at. 10

b. What warning does the Chorus give to Medea?

1. The warning is to the gods, asking them to drive her from the house before she commits this bloody fury. 15

8. Exodos (1-end)

a. What plans does Medea have for her children? For herself?

1. She will bury them herself and bear them on the promontory of Hera’s temple. 15

. She will go to the land of Erechtheus and live in Aigeus’ house. 160

b. What does she predict for Jason?

1. She predicts Jason will die without distinction and be struck on the head with a piece of timber. 16

LYSISTRATA questions

1. Read in your Course Documents handouts section and in the introductory notes section of the text of the play to find the differences in comedy and tragedy. List the conventions of Greek comedy.

1. Rough farce

. Indecent dialogue

. Shocking personal satire.

4. Light hearted lampooning of individuals and government.

5. Normal characters (no tragic heroes).

6. Always something that could not happen in real life.

7. Feast in which male and female are united (presented in human sexuality and vegetative fertility)

. According to Lysistrata, how will women solve the problems of the war (what household chore does she relate the job to?)

1. They will totally abstain from sex. 15

. What is the symbolic significance of the oath that the women take in lines 0 � 60?

Why will the women who fail have water instead of wine?

1. It symbolizes and agreement on behalf of warring parties, something the men are not willing to do.

. Wine symbolizes blood, or the life force. Water just sustains life.

4. Which scene imitates a rape attempt?

1. The scene where the men use crowbars to force themselves into the Acropolis imitates a rape attempt. 485

5. What is Aristophanes attitude toward marriage and sexual life?

1. Aristophanes’ feels that marriage and sex is the glue that holds the world together.



6. Identify some of the sight gags and sexual innuendo in the play. How would you characterize the level of comedy here? (Sophisticated? Vulgar? Cheap laughs? Witty? or what?)

Sight gags

1. The women defend themselves with household articles against an army with modern weapons. 51, The women transform the commissioner into a women. 615

Sexual innuendo

1. The men start fires, which symbolizes their desires. The women poor cold water over them, trying to douse their desires. 4

I characterize this comedy to be witty and smartly done, but I didn’t laugh.



7. Describe Myrrhine as a comic figure. Is she a stereotype? Why or why not?

1. Myrrhine is comical in her duet with Kinesias. 0, She does play a stereotypical housewife always coming up with an excuse why she can’t have sex.

8. Would you call the play feminist or anti-feminist in its message?

1. This play is feminist because it brings into play the role of the women into the political spectrum.

. Moral or immoral?

1. I think it is a moral play because it takes an immoral act (war) and tries to correct it with a moral act (sex).

10. Which do you like better, comedy or tragedy?

1. I prefer comedy because its better to laugh than cry.



Mind that the sample papers like Linda Pastan presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Spirited Away

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Spirited Away even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Spirited Away in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Spirited Away

Spirited Away is a traditional Japanese animation movie that is filled with some astonishing adventures. The main character, a ten-year old girl, Chihiro, along with her parents is going to move to their new home on a sunny day. On their way, they mistakenly took the wrong route and ended up in a tunnel. This tunnel is not an ordinary tunnel. Inside is an amusement like world. Chihiro¡¦s parents are very curious about the tunnel, therefore they set off to see what they could find in this place. Chihiro knew that there¡¦s must be something wrong with this old amusement park, but since her parents insist on going, she went along with them.

The abandoned amusement park is actually a bath house, a place where the spirits of gods can come and relax. The writer and the director of this film, HayaoMiyazaki, has great imaginations. In his film, there is a totally different world for the spirits. Humans are not welcomed there. Chihiro has to bear the pain and hurt to see her parents turning into pigs, and not knowing what she should do.

She is so scared about where she is and what she¡¦s going to turn into. One boy from the bath house comes and saves her from being disappeared from the human world. I learned from the movie that there¡¦s still good people who do not know you, and are willing to lend you a hand. In Chihiro¡¦s little mind, she knows that Hauko is going to help her to find her parents, turn them back into humans and get out of the inhuman place.




There¡¦s a series of exciting adventures that Chihiro has in the bath house. She meets many weird spirits who don¡¦t look like humans and don¡¦t like humans. But, in order to help her parents, she needs to stay there and get a job in the bath house. She is faced with many challenges and even if she doesn¡¦t like it, she has to bear with it. This reminds me of many challenges we have in our lives. We might not like what we are faced with, but we still have to get over the fears and accept the challenges.

In the movie, Chihiro has had problems with the mistress of the bath house. Her friend, Hauko is dying because the mistress does not like his actions. Chihiro believes that Hauko is a good friend, therefore she¡¦s out again to save his life just as Hauko was trying to help her and her parents out.

In the end, Chihiro has finally got together with her parents. They are happy to have been a family and that they are doing fine.



Mind that the sample papers like Spirited Away presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!