Inner Journeys

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Inner Journeys

An inner journey can be described as the exploration of ones self, as individuals review their growth and development in the light of experiences which challenge and inspire them. There are many kinds of inner journeys one can take, from personal self-discovery journeys to journeys of understanding. ‘Big Daddy’ directed by Dennis Dugan, is such an example of a journey of understanding. The poem, ‘Journey up’ is one about life and choices you have to make. The final piece is a play written in the early 150’s by Christopher Marlowe, The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, or Dr. Faustus for short, this tells of a mans inner journey for knowledge.

Big Daddy

The film directed by Dennis Dugan, ‘Big Daddy’ made for the entire family, is a journey about self-discovery undertaken by a man named Sonny, when one day a child named Julian arrives at the front door, Julian represents the innocence and sincerity that slowly affects Sonny and his outlook on what life is about. Julian shows Sonny that there is more to life than sitting around ‘goofing’ off and working one day a week. Sonny acts like a mischievous child, and the world is his playground, when he is all of a sudden left with a child and has to grow up and act his age, he takes on all the responsibilities of a parent, hence the name ‘Big Daddy’. Sonny is reliant on his girlfriend Vanessa to help him raise Julian, but a sudden turn of events leave Sonny with a child, which he believes is out of his control and should belong with someone better at raising kids than he is a common problem with first time parents. Eventually, with some influence from Sonny’s father, Sonny gives up the parental responsibilities, and lets Julian run his own life, “I’m creating a new style of child raising, give the child options not orders…” Sonny didn’t want to be a ‘prick’ like his father was. Sonny eventually meets Leila, she is represented as the motherly figure, and she too influences Sonny, to change his way of life. Gradually, Sonny realizes that there is more to life and he decides to start a new family, get a decent job, and uses his experiences with Julian to raise his own family.




Journey up

The poem ‘Journey up’, is written for basically anyone and is one about life and choices one has to make. The opening phrase “The journey up to where you want to go is not a straight line” is saying that life is not easy and straight forward as one would hope to be, that it is quite the opposite. The steps are a metaphor, for different times in our life where the choices we make are like imaginative steps taking us further. The ceiling cobwebs are also a metaphor for life problems that can occur, and that it happens to everyone, this poem is giving valuable life advice to the responder, and that life is “uneven, rough and steep, but will eventually take you where you need to go.”

Dr Faustus

The play by Christopher Marlowe, The Tragic History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, or Dr. Faustus, is about the Inner Journey that Faustus was trying to achieve, he wanted to have endless knowledge but when he achieved that he wanted more, he wanted to be better than god be on earth as Jove is in the sky. he started off as just wanting endless knowledge but then his greed over powered him and he gave in to Mephistopheles and sold his soul for the endless knowledge, this is relevant to the Elizabethan audience because the play was written at a time when everyone was moving away from the belief in the catholic church and what they will be rewarded with in heaven and moving towards what they can achieve on earth here and now. The Elizabethan audience relate to Faustus in this way but they differ from him in the way that they did not have the drive to actually do what Faustus did and sell his soul for what they want, this elevates Faustus from the Elizabethan audience but it is still dramatically effective for them as they want answers for what Faustus gets answers for. When he received his 4 years of knowledge he wanted more and he travels through the sky on dragons, then he travels to places, then to individual towns and finally to individual people like the pope - this is when he visits the pope invisibly to annoy him - this shows the pettiness of Faustus knowledge and power. In the end Faustus becomes really greedy as he regrets selling his soul and wants it back. Faustus here is related to Icarus in the way that Icarus wanted to fly to the sun - he made his wings of wax and flew but when he was flying he realized he wanted more than just to fly - he wanted to fly to the sun and he did - the wax wings melted and he fell to his death. This is similar to the downfall of Faustus as he too was over-reaching by selling his soul to gain his endless knowledge which turned out to be limited and he too fell to his death.

These composers show that Inner Journeys can be undertaken by anyone, and is normally done to better understand ones self. However, as seen in Dr. Faustus that ones own desires can be the downfall of ones self. One may think that an inner journey can be undertaken by themselves however, it may take more that one person to better understand ones self. Life can be hard but inner journey can help see you thought it all, so all you need is a little faith and that those sloping ceilings cobwebs, or whatever grows in those dusty corners wont get in your way.



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Could The Crucible Happen Again

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The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is a historical novel that details how hysteria overwhelms the small devout town of Salem, Massachusetts after local girls are caught performing a pagan ritual. Knowing that this act could incur death in their pious community, these girls accuse their fellow town members of being witches to convince others that they have forsaken the devil and have returned to the Lord. Miller uses the Salem witch-hunt to demonstrate the devastating effects of paranoia. During the Salem witch trials, this paranoia eventually led to the death of 7 innocent people (“Salem,” par. ) as rational citizens under the influence of the pervasive fear ignored the injustices being committed. History has shown that given the right atmosphere, any spark could set off a chain reaction much like that described in The Crucible.

The atmosphere of the fanatically religious town of Salem was a breeding ground for fear and suspicion. The minister, Parris, “[preaches] only hellfire and bloody damnation” (Miller 8), encouraging a constantly apprehensive attitude towards God’s power. Also, the citizens of the town recently had to endure a smallpox epidemic and are under a constant threat of Native American assaults, denying them a sense of physical security (“Salem,” par. ). This persistent apprehension explodes into hysteria as the girls’ accusations transform the supernatural into a tangible threat. Trials are held to try the accused but even as it becomes evident that the trials are based on faulty evidence and logic, no one questions the validity of the proceedings, because they fear that if they do, they will be labeled as a witch. When a local townsman, Francis Nurse, presents a petition protesting the imprisonment of two of the prisoners, the court summons all the petitioners for questioning (Miller 4). The fear of being associated with the supernatural compelled many to accept the blatantly faulty proceedings and allowed the trials to spiral out of control, eventually taking 7 lives. Therefore, the pervasive terror of external forces, such as disease and God, allowed for the hysteria but the fear of one another caused the hysteria to linger, inflicting even more damage. Had there not been an atmosphere filled with insecurity, the events in Salem could never have ballooned to such proportions. This fear is an innate human characteristic that causes events such as these to repeat throughout the course of history.

During the McCarthy Era of the 150’s, the mood of the United States was extremely similar to that of Salem, Massachusetts, making it especially susceptible to similar problems. To the Americas, the spread of communism after World War II seemed be a direct attack on their democratic and capitalistic ideals. Paranoia of communist spies and sympathizers who threatened the United States ran high among the American public. Like the town members of Salem, the American people were extremely uneasy and only needed a catalyst to set off a mass hysteria. This catalyst came in the form of Senator McCarthy, who wielded the fear of the American people into an awesome political weapon that damaged the careers of hundreds and silenced the voices of many more. “A simple sentence of his could be enough to ruin a mans career” (”Friedman,” par. ). Like the Salem witch trials, protestors to McCarthy policies were labeled as communist and blacklisted from their industry, which quelled opposition and allowed McCarthy free reign over the American public. Experts have estimated that as many as ten thousand people may have lost their jobs as a result of the McCarthy proceedings (“Impact,” par. 1). The same pattern of events from The Crucible repeats itself during the McCarthy Era, demonstrating the inevitability of another hysterical scare. Fear is a human nature that is a constant in every culture.

The plot of The Crucible parallels the recent events after the /11 terrorist attacks. The American people were plunged into a state of fear from not only terrorism but also a faltering economy (“Johnson,” pg -6), depriving them of both physical and economic security, respectively. This atmosphere of panic allowed the government to abuse individual rights through the judicial system and such legislation as the USA PATRIOT Act. Just as courts of The Crucible era judged trials on the flimsiest of evidence, modern courts are making a mockery of the right to due process. Simply by declaring and individual as an “enemy combatant,” the military can deny these detainees the rights of due process, including the right to a lawyer (“Jackman,” par. 1). Legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act blurs the line between terrorism and dissent, and threatens to undermine the civil liberties and ideals of the American democracy. One of the provisions of this act gives the attorney general the power to detain immigrants indefinitely without trial, which is an utter mockery of democracy (“PATRIOT,” par. ). Few prominent figures are willing to protest these unjustified actions, as they are afraid of being labeled as unpatriotic and the government has already censured some who have spoken out, such as Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. (“Jezer,” par. 11). Thus, even in the present day, an environment permeated by fear can lead to the injustices and hysteria seen in The Crucible and the McCarthy Era.




The McCarthy Era and the present post /11 period show that the events of The Crucible can occur again. Paranoia and hysteria is an innate human flaw that will reappear in history. Whenever the atmosphere is saturated with fear and there is a catalyst that can set off this fear, it is most likely that the events of The Crucible will repeat.

Works Cited

Friedman, Jesse. The Fight for America Senator Joe McCarthy. 1 Jun. 00. 0 Nov. 00 http//www.mccarthy.cjb.net/.

The Impact of McCarthyism. Ed. Ellen Schrecker. 15. 0 Nov. 00. http//cla.calpoly.edu/~mrarnold/classes/Multicultural/mccarthy.html.

Jackman, Tom, and Eggen, Dan. Combatants Lack Rights, U.S. Argues. Washington Post 0 Jun. 00. 1 Nov. 00 http//www.washingtonpost.com/ac/wp-dyn/A140-00Jun1?language=printer.

Jezer, Marty. McCarthyisms Revival Chicken Little Journalism. May. 00. 0 Nov. 00 http//www.informationclearinghouse.info/article.htm.

Johnson, Alex. 00 A year on the edge. 1 Dec. 00. MSNBC. 1 Nov. 00 http//www.msnbc.com/news/85015.asp?cp1=1.

Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York Pengiun Group, 176.

Salem Witch Museum Education - Salem, Massachusetts. 0 Nov. 00. 0 Nov. 00 http//www.salemwitchmuseum.com/learn.html.

USA PATRIOT Act. 0 Nov. 00. Wikipedia. 0 Nov. 00 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act.

Works Consulted

Rosen, Ruth. ROSEN Could it Happen Again?. San Franciso Chronicle 1 May. 00. 1 Nov. 00 http//www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=15877.

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A reiview of the bonds of womanhood

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The Bonds of Womanhood

The world of 1780 was much like today’s world. It was fast moving and full of changes. From the almost brand new country of the United States, to the rise of a industrial revolution, the United States was growing and its society and culture were growing even more. The rise of industrial and nonagricultural jobs lead to a change in the household life of the men, women, and children. The resulting situations started the unity of women and their later fight for equality.

The rise of the capitalistic and industrial way of life changed American families in the late 18th and early 1th centuries. The past work of agriculture, which promoted mingling and task orientation, sharply differed from the capitalist system of time and discipline. The home life was no loner part of the work life, and became a refuge for the men of the family. It was seen as an escape from the business of the outside world. With men running the financial and political world, woman were left to care for the house and family. It was already accepted that woman were more caring then men and therefore received the task of being the moral ones of the house and viewed as unqualified for working in the public world. Cott points out that as woman became the moral leaders in the household, it became more and more their job to instill their morality into the children of the household. After all if the children of the country were the future, then the woman of the country had the great job of raising the future of the country. Cott explores the ideas which the mothers encouraged their children take up, ideas of education and religion. Religion was a huge part of the liberation of woman and Cott points out how woman used religion to justify giving attention to ones own thoughts, actions, and prospects and not just the domestic vocation.

Using journals and letters of many New England women of the time, Cott shows what the average New England woman thought, what they believed and whether or not they liked their home life. The knowledge gained from those letters showed many things. Some woman enjoyed the home life and raising children, while others enjoyed the satisfaction of working in factories with men. One unifying thing that Cott found in these letters however, was the unified and strong bonds of the woman of society. The friendships seen in the letters showed that even though woman were mostly stuck at home raising the family and taking care of matters of the household, there was a growing network of women all linked together by their bondage. They expressed dissatisfaction with their mates and their households.




This cult of domesticity helped forge some of the strong ideas and visions which would lead the American women into the future years. The cult created, allowed woman to share ideas and thoughts which previously with agricultural society were never able to be exchanged. With woman staying at home and raising the children there was time for them to write letters and gather to exchange ideas. There was also time for them to attend church which lead to the meeting of many different women and start of feminist ideas. Being a Christian in the society meant becoming involved in the church and society. This meant actively being involved and participating in church activities. This lead to the meeting of different woman and the forging of bonds between these women. Cott stresses the importance of being Christian in her book and the results.

Cott does an excellent job her book of showing the New England societies intimate mechanics. She sheds light on the rise of woman as a unified sex and determined group. Her sources are excellent. Using the letters of actual women of the period gives a feel of what it was like and helps prove her point. Her book gives a clear and distinct path as too how the rise of the feminist movement started.





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here we are

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like here we are even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like here we are in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

he companys interests to stretch to extravagances such as giving out free drink coupons as a promotional exercise. With oil-cloth banners and streetcar signs, the drink began to sell extremely well.

It is not clear why exactly Pemberton then sold the rights to the Coca-Cola formula - he had developed cancer and it is possible that his morphine addiction was now very serious - but in 1887, Willis Venable and George Lowndes purchased two-thirds of the rights. He told Lowndes I am sick, and I believe I will never get out of this bed. The only thing I have is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola some day will be a national drink. I want to keep a third interest in it so that my son will always have a living. Little did Pemberton know that his son Charley would be dead from a morphine overdose only six years later.

Pembertons illness worsened, but he remained obsessed with perfecting the Coca-Cola formula. Several times in his dying months he struggled to his laboratory to experiment with a modified cola drink with celery extract. He did not care anything about what he had already accomplished, one of his associates remarked, he wanted something new. On August 16, 1888, John Pemberton passed away. His obituary described him as the oldest druggist of Atlanta and one of her best-known citizens an especially popular gentleman.

Comments




John Pembertons obsessive search for the perfect drink is typical of the inventor and of the early stages of a corporate history. What begins as research becomes a self-sacrificing, heroic, project. One common feature of the great inventor is that they rarely profit themselves from their discoveries.

Due to the poor business sense that Pemberton displayed towards the end of his career, the ownership of his idea was taken away from him, and his wife died a pauper. Little did any of them know that this once obscure patent medicine would one day become a multi-million dollar business, and come to represent the essence of American culture.

Although Coca-Cola Enterprises, established in 186, is a young company, the roots of our business extend back to 18, when the first Coca-Cola bottling operation began. In fact, when the first bottling franchise began operations in 101, it operated under the ownership of Benjamin F. Thomas and James F. Johnston, grandfather of our former Chairman of the Board, Summerfield K. Johnston, Jr.

Though Coca-Cola Enterprises is now the largest soft drink bottler in the world, each of our local bottling operations represent several decades of success in building the strongest brands in the world. Maintaining the local aspect of our business continues to be an integral part of our success.

· 1886 � John Pemberton creates Coca-Cola syrup · 18 � Coca-Cola sold in bottles · 101 � First bottling franchise formed · 18-10 � 7 bottling plants opened · First automatic fillers introduced

· 114 � The Coca-Cola Bottlers Association was formed

· 115 � The contour bottle was developed

· 11 � The first European bottling plant opens in Paris

· Bottlers still delivering by horse or mule drawn drays

· 10� Over 1,000 bottling plants and bottlers now in existence

· 1 � Robert Woodruff becomes president of The Coca-Cola Company

· The use of cartons and coolers took hold

· 1 � The Glascock cooler was invented

· 10 � First official cooler was

found at service stations

· 15 � First standardized coin- operated vending machines in use

· 00-400 independent bottlers existed in U.S.

· A unique selling strategy was employed. Bottlers employ young women to go door to door offering to install wall mounted bottle openers in kitchens, which in turn boosted sales. These women made about 15 calls a day

· 141 - Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Chicago fills 06 bottles per minute

· Carbo-coolers introduced

· 00-400 independent bottlers existed in U.S.

· Portable vending units were introduced

· 15 � King Size version of the contour bottle introduction

· 158 � Coca-Cola Bottling Works of Gary, IN fills 400 bottles per minute

· International expansion of Coca-Cola system gains strength

· 160 � First 1 ounce can � steel, not aluminum � introduced

· 164 � First lift-top cans introduced

· Three new brands debut

TAB, Fresca, Sprite

· First computers added at bottling plants

· 70 independent Coca-Cola franchise ownerships in the U.S.

· Glass bottles still primary package

· 18 � Diet Coke introduced

· 185 � Introduction of New Coke

· Months later, Coca-Cola Classic was reintroduced

· 186 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. was formed

· Consolidation reduces number of independent Coca-Cola franchise ownerships in the U.S. to 180

· Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. acquisitions

· 187 � Portions of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

· 188 � Miami, Florida, Maryland, Delaware and Memphis, Tennessee

11 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. and Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group merge; Summerfield K. Johnston, Jr. becomes CEO

14 � A PET (polyethylene terephthalate) version of contour bottle launched; such bottles now account for more than half of all CCE volume

17 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. initiates a for 1 stock split of the Company’s common shares

1 � Dasani introduced

Fewer than 10 Coca-Cola bottlers exist in the U.S.

Fillers now handle more than 000 cans per minute

00 � Noncarbonated beverages, such as Dasani, PowerAde, and Minute Maid juice drinks, grow to 1% of CCEs total volume.

Fridge Pack introduced, helping consumers keep more 1 oz cans cold in the refrigerator.

Vanilla Coke introduced, becomes the most successful new product in 0 years..

Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. key territory acquisitions

· 1 � First international acquisition the Netherlands

· 16 � Ouachita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana

· 16 � Belgium and France

· 16 � Coke West, in portions of Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, and Minnesota

· 17 � Great Britain

· 17 � Canada and New York

· 18 � Coke Southwest, including portions of Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas

· 001 � July 10, Coca-Cola Enterprises completes the acquisition of Herb Coca-Cola, the third largest United States Coca-Cola bottler, for approximately $1.4 billion. The territory includes portions of 6 states, including the metropolitan areas of Chicago, IL; Milwaukee, WI; Indianapolis, IN; and Rochester,NY. With this acquisition, Coca-Cola Enterprises now sells approximately 80 percent of The Coca-Cola Company’s bottle and can volume in North America



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Retail Marketing

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Retail Marketing even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Retail Marketing in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Flight Centre

Flight Centre is in the market of retail travel and tourism. It is a travel agency at which people wishing to go on holiday whether domestic or International, come into one of there many stores and speak to a travel consultant about where they want to go and how much that will cost them. The Consultants then is able to book the holiday for the customer/client whether that is a hotel or an International flight to Paris.

The market for people wanting to travel in this modern era is of gigantic proportions with people particularly in Western Cultures wanting to escape the busy and chaotic modern life of today’s world.

Travel has become more adventurous before what was seen, as a peaceful place to go for a holiday has now become a tourist nightmare. Persons wishing to get away from it all have to venture out further. This has opened up the door for more remote destinations for the young; holiday places such Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam places that traditionally were not accessible. Also in many cases the lack of time of many in the Western World causes people to consider time limits. Often there is not enough time to go from Australia to Europe. As there point of the Holiday is not to be on a plane for a substantial part of their holiday, also the cost of trips to closer locations is more than likely to be half of a trip to Europe.




Young people generally do have a lot higher budget than older travellers.

The market for travel is big with every person particularly in the younger generation seeing travel as a must. Just by looking at the amount of youth hostels opening up in recent years gives you an idea of how big the market for travel is.

The world even after the horrific events of September 11 001 still wants to travel and broaden their mind. As the Western Countries become more and more overcrowded. The market for travel will increase. Every person will need to get away from the hustle and bustle of modern western life.

As the third world countries inhabitants begin to gather money together I believe the market will be global and the chance for Flight Centre to become one of the worlds biggest companies extremely high.

The mission/purpose of Flight Centre fit in strongly with this concept. Mission is “To open up the world for those who want to see.” Flight Centre must set an objective to increase it’s market share of the Young travel market. Young persons like something different or away from mainstream, Flight Centre do have the staff being young enthusiastic but do not have the store layout, the store are set up as a more formal like occasion with package.

Key Competitor Analysis



The key competitors against Flight Centre are five key companies with Jetset and Travel world now joined together that combination could prove to be lethal for Flight Centre. Three of these competitors try to tackle Flight Centre head on with Web jet running an extensive Television campaign mentioning Flight Centre claims of being the cheapest airfares and attempting to convert Flight Centre customers away from Flight Centre web and on to there web site.



In an Article in the Sydney Morning Herald dated Thursday November 6th it addresses the competitors of Flight Centres wish to challenge Flight Centre. It talks about the joining of Travelworld and Jetset and also the company buying the once Ansett owned company Traveland which is now not in existence but owned by Jetset. Mr sparks chief executive of Jetset stated “ Flight Centre has a very strong positioning in the marketplace in terms of price and air business, What I am after is the value proposition and providing a solution for the customer who wants to come in and be apart of the process.” Recent profits for Jetset were in fact down because of September 11 yet Flight Centre profits reached record highs how competitive this new team will be I don’t know.

Webjet has taken a lot of business from the Flight Centre web market. Flight Centre does not have big market share in terms of web based booking with more and more people using the web nowadays its something which Flight Centre needs to address in the near future before company’s such as Webjet do take over the web based booking industry.

Thomas Cook travel is the biggest competitor in overseas market it has been established overseas for many decades now and particularly in the United Kingdom Thomas Cook has the same amount of Market share as Flight Centre does in Australia.

Flight Centre is really keen to expand it’s overseas market but with big established names like Thomas Cook, Flight Centre may find it rather difficult. Harvey world travel is a large competitor to flight Centre consultancy business as it has a range of stores which do offer package deals and exceptional service and also is well renowned and trusted brand in the marketplace. A web based American based company called Expedia could prove to be a threat with ¼ of the Staff of Flight Centre it’s profit is more than 5 times that of Flight Centre due to the low overheads involved in web based booking. Expedia was started up by Compaq so it users the most up to date technology.

Swot Analysis

Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats

Staff morale high Staff Retention Expansion of web based booking Highly competitive web based industry

Staff incentives high Fraud by Staff members Expand business overseas Competitors already established in overseas market.

Loyal staff to company More training in how to deal with complaints Expand business in Australia Terrorism

Internal promotions High overheads Deal with airline offering cheap rates Competitor deal with airline

Consistency of Organisational and processes Web based booking Buying out smaller companies ACCC

Good communication between consultants and management Staff offered better deals from competitors Buying hotel chains Loss of customers

High liquidity Expensive rewards scheme Buying Car hire company’s Harvey world Travel

Youthful enthusiasm To Gun Hoe Expand Student Flights Expedia



Target Market Analysis

Market include

· Family’s

· Students

· Retires

· Business people

· Singles

· Couples

In a recent survey done by Flight Centre it shows that their Customers are what their occupation is age etc.

Age % Of Customer

15-4 1%

5-4 1%

5-44 %

45-54 1%

55-64 16%

65+ 8%

Occupation %

Unemployed 1%

Retired 1%

Student 6%

Home maker 6%

Manual worker %

Trades 4%

Sales/Services 1%

Semi professional 14%

Business Managers professional 41%

As you can see from these results the age of customers at Flight Centre do vary enormously but their occupation is in more than half the time going to be either semi professional or professional in 54% of cases surveyed that was the case. There is 64% chance that the Flight Centre customers are aged between 5 and 54 years.

Surprisingly only 6 % of Flight Centre customers were students and only 1% were aged between 15 and 4. Today students are travelling more than another age bracket, this suggest that Flight Centre has not hit the Student Market yet and that students are not using Flight Centre. It is from this that I believe Flight Centre needs to change slightly and Target a more student base client between the agers of 15-4.

For a company, which has 0% market, share to only have 6% of its clients between the ages of 15-4 is wrong, particularly when persons in that age bracket make up in Australia 7% of all travel.



Promotion (retail Marketing Mix)

The promotion mix for Flight Centre will consist of many channels. The first channel used will be the television. The main focus for the promotion budget will be directed towards television. The Ads will contain information on seasonal deals and feature the company logo and slogan, as well as drive to web. The ads will be aimed at all areas of the market with a main emphasis on family programs.

Flight Centre will also involve itself with trade shows. Setting up information stands at all the major tourism shows and ads in trade publications and in-flight magazines. Flight Centre wants to get its product out into the travelling market

Flight Centre will also be sending out brochures to its previous customers. These brochures will be similar to the television ads, explaining up and coming deals. The difference between this and the television ads is that the brochures will be more in depth.

There will be similar brochures handed to universities, TAFE, Colleges and backpackers. These brochures will focus mainly on student deals and deals to places where students visit frequently.

Conclusion

This is a focused plan, aimed at gaining more of a market and stimulate the previous market to become active again. The idea behind the promotions is to push the deals. We want to get the idea across to the market that Flight Centre is the cheapest and best way to travel the world.

We have aimed at gaining more of a family and student market share. We feel that this is a boom area, as they gain more money.



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I have once heard about a poet. His name has already escaped my mind, but one of his poems has impressed me very much. Very simple and explicit, the poem, which is entitled Life, contains only one word Net. Maybe at that time, the poet himself just wanted to depict the complexity of life, the relations among the people, the gains, the pains and the meaning of life. It is just like a net, entangled together and hard to make it clear. The amazing thing is that that concise poem accidentally, however, exactly delineates the life of the present information age. The word Net here does not simply express the conventional meaning, but a completely new thing, the Internet.

Nowadays the Internet has stretched its antennae to every corner of this world. More than three hundred million people surf the Internet now. The Internet contains so many things that no one on this planet has ever doubted that it will dominate the whole world in the future. No one can live without the Internet. In one word, it has already merged into people’s daily life.

Among the numerous fields that the Internet covers, one of them recently has become so popular that everyone seems to pay attention to it. This is E-Business. It is no longer a creation, but it has changed the way people live.

And, this paper will focus on this topic, introducing the features and development of E-Business and expressing my personal opinions about it, about its past, about its present and about its future.




E-Business

During the past few years, the Internet has evolved from a scientific network only, to a platform that enables a new conception of business. The first wave of electronic business was fundamentally an exchange of information. But as time passed, more and more types of businesses have become available electronically. Nowadays, we can buy goods online, book holidays or have texts translated over the Internet in an instant. Home banking, for example, is one application that is already provided by most banks around the world. Looking up your balance, transferring money and other transactions are done every day by millions of people. Public administration has discovered the Internet as a means to talk to the general public at election times. And it will not be too long a time before we see general elections decided on the Internet.

Defining E-business

Before we talk about E-business, we must first make the definition of E-business clear. What is E-business? Only talking about the things mentioned above is too general. Let’s listen to a story first. A student who graduated from a high school was leaving for the university where he was going to spend the next four years. His mother got everything ready for him and saw him off at the railway station. Suddenly she remembered that she had forgotten to buy him a new bicycle. Then she immediately ordered one online. And when her son got to the university, he received the bicycle at the same time. From this story, we may conclude that, briefly speaking, E-business means doing business electronically or buying and selling goods via the Internet.

One of the first to use the term E-business was IBM in 17 . At that time they launched their first thematic campaign built around the term. Until then e-commerce was the buzzword. The shift in terms also means a shift in paradigm. Until then selling was the only business that people did on the web. Broadening the approach to allow more types of businesses on the web created the new term e-business. E-commerce is just one aspect of e-business like e-franchising, e-mailing, e-marketing. E-business is about using the convenience, availability and worldwide reach to enhance existing businesses or create new virtual businesses. IBM defines E-business as “a secure, flexible and integrated approach to delivering differentiated business value by combining the systems and processes that run core business operations with the simplicity and reach made possible by the Internet technology. ?

Going online

Why are today’s companies so keen, so enthusiastic about going on the Internet and doing business online? Why are there so many dot-com companies coming out like the bamboo roots after spring roots? Here are some of the important reasons.

Expanding market reach

One of the major advantages to the Internet is its global availability. If you have a little company, it is quite simple to expand the market reach beyond your geographic location and your current customer segment. Barnes & Noble, one of the largest chains of bookshops in the United States were forced to open a branch on the Internet, because they felt the pressure of Amazon.com , which is selling books over the Internet only and attracted more and more people who traditionally went into the shops of Barnes & Noble.

Generating visibility

Another important goal, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (the so-called SMEs) is to gain more visibility. Generating visibility is a substantial gain for every company. The better known your company is, the more people will be interested in doing business with you. The Internet allows a company to present itself at very low cost. All you need to do is setting up a new web page and include prices, products and any necessary information, which costs very little and the cost for reproduction is practically zero. You do not need to replicate a catalogue, a brochure or a flyer. Put it onto the Internet and it replicates itself.

Responsiveness

The Internet can easily support increased responsiveness to your customers. Increasing responsiveness to customers and partners is very important in tying customers to a company. Being responsive gives customers the feeling that they are treated well by the company. Responsiveness also means that when you give out e-mail addresses to your customers, somebody needs to answer these e-mails fast and competently. Although this feature nowadays is must for all companies, it was something revolutionary a few years ago. Instead of calling your logistics partner and asking what happened to your goods, you could just go to their web site and check yourself, which means a cost reduction for yourself.

Offering new services

Offering new services is also a reason for going online. Introducing new services in traditional markets is difficult and expensive. The Internet on the other hand offers the possibility to introduce new services with very little start-up costs. New services should not only be provided to customers and partners, but also to employees.

Cost reduction

This is one of the preeminent reasons for going online. The cost for real estate, service support and production can be reduced greatly through the use of Internet. Printer manufacturers such as Canon and Epson use the Internet to distribute printer drivers and updates. The cost for replicating of printer drivers and updates they sell is a very large sum in the end. The replication cost on the Internet is nearly zero. This results in more content customers and less overhead.

Strengths and advantages of E-business

E-business has become very popular recently. Then why on earth is it so attractive? If you pay a little attention to it, you may easily find some advantages to E-business and these cannot be matched by the conventional approaches to doing business.

First of all, by doing trade via the Net, businesses can expand their customer base, and even expand their product line. The limitations of factory are now negligible, for the whole world has become a big workshop. You do not need to produce the goods in one factory at one place and then transport them to various places all over the world. Nowadays seldom are products made of parts from only one country, but instead, from quite a number of countries and territories.

Secondly, business-to-business sellers can grow closer relationships. The procedure of doing business can be greatly simplified. They do business one to one through the Internet and all the middlemen can now be canceled. The major result of this is the enhancement of efficiency.

Third, products can be sampled via the Web fast, easily and free of charge. Highly developed as the modern advertising is, its influence is still quite limited. Therefore it is by no means an easy job for corporations to expand their market, even for those powerful multinational corporations. In this way, E-business can assist to do the advertising, for the Internet can reach every corner on this planet, provided there is a computer.

Last but not least, the Internet reduces the number of media transfers that are necessary to transport information. The conventional mass media, to some extent, is really inefficient. The Internet can overcome this problem without difficulty. For a corporation, it only needs to post all the information on the Net, and customers all over the world will obtain this information easily.

Concerns on the Internet

However, in this world, nothing is perfect, and the Internet is not an exception. There do exist some drawbacks to the Internet that cause great concern and impede its swift growth.

Here are some obvious and influential ones.

First the competition is growing from a local to a worldwide one. Now by doing business on the Net, what a company faces are no longer the local rivals or the domestic ones, but those from all over the world. You compete with the international competitors openly. In addition, a customer can compare the offerings of a certain company with another one much more easily. So the pressure is much heavier and numerous small companies may be driven out of business due to the fierce competition.

Next that once information has been published on the Internet, it becomes easy to copy it and use it for another business. Since the information is right there on the Net, everyone can download or duplicate it without payment, and illicitly copy a company’s method of doing business. Therefore the initiator may suffer a great loss, or even worse lose its position in the market. The best example of this in China may be the imitation of Dell by the computer manufacturer Legend . Legend copies the direct mode of doing business from Dell and has received a very satisfactory return. Although Dell has made a remarkable achievement in China, now it must face the challenge from Legend.

Then we need to pay attention to the fact that many companies are afraid that their customers won’t accept the new media. Fast as the Internet and E-business develops, still there are many people who are resistant to this new thing. Therefore the effect of product advertisement on the Net may be exerted at a discount.

Next, the New Economy makes it easier to compare prices. Prices will drop, so quality and extra services become more and more important. Because of the fierce competition, companies have to reduce the prices in order to maintain a substantial market share and to attract customers. Then when the price can no longer be reduced, the quality and extra services become their only weapons against competitors. This will impose a high standard requirement on companies and only those that can perform well will survive, exactly the same as the law of nature proposed by Darwin�Nature selects.

Finally, most companies are very concerned about security on the Internet. Actually this is not the only the concern of the companies, but also of the customers. For when you do business on the Internet, everything is open. Besides this, most of the payments are done through the credit card. As a result, there is a possibility that the password can be stolen and the loss would be extraordinarily great. What makes it worse, there are now innumerable hackers, most of them experts at computer technology, who can easily destroy a website. This can do great harm to the normal business order on the Net. Most countries, especially those developing ones, have not established effective legal regulations to supervise this field of industry.

Amazon.com

The legend of this online kingdom

Ok, so far we have talked about so many tedious things about E-business, about its features, advantages and concerns. Now let’s see something more concrete and interesting�the famous online bookshop, Amazon.com.

If you walk the streets in the United States, and randomly ask people one question Which company do you know is famous for E-business, nine out of every ten people will definitely give you the answer Amazon.com. That’s for sure.

Several years ago, when Bill Gates, king of the Microsoft Empire, was fomenting the whole world with his advanced Windows, a young guy from Wall Street in New York was driving his shabby van to the west, seeking his own dream of tomorrow. This was Jeff Bezos. Several years later, the Amazon.com has reached a market value of billion US dollars and as the founder and CEO of this online company, his personal value is estimated to be approximately 7 billion US dollars. The whole world is excited by the success of this young man and a new epoch begins.

But before we start to talk about this legendary person, let’s first see some anecdotes about his childhood. Triggered by his grandfather, a retired Atomic Energy Commission manager, Bezos dreamed at age 14 of being an astronaut or physicist and filled his family garage with science and engineering projects. By age 16, he could fix windmills, use an arc welder and castrate cattle. In his late grade school years, Bezos became fascinated with the Infinity Cube, which used a set of motorized mirrors to let the user stare into infinity. When his mother said its $0 cost was too expensive, he bought the pieces cheaply and built it himself.

Maybe in some people’s points of view, these are quite ordinary and a lot of young people can do it, maybe even better than Bezos. However, it is just these trivial things that fostered Bezos?personality and capability, and foretold his successful future career.

Actually, Bezos was very outstanding even in university. He received a bachelor’s degree of Electronical Engineering and Computer Science from Princeton University. Then he began his career on Wall Street. He used to develop computer systems and acted as hedge fund manager for Bankers Trust Co. and D.E. Shaw & Co. on Wall Street. He attained two posts of vice managers in four years, proving that he was a genius at doing business and managing. However, a small thing changed his whole life, and even the way of life of the world. One day, when he discovered that the Internet was growing at ,00 percent annually, he knew it was his opportunity and he needed to do something. He and his wife, MacKenzie, moved to Seattle and began online business out of their rented suburban house.

History always seems incredibly alike and interesting. Just as Yahoo.com was founded by Michael Yang and the Hewlett and Packard Company was founded by Hewlett and Packard, Amazon.com was also born in a small and shabby garage.

Located in Seattle, Washington, Amazon.com opened its virtual doors in July 15 with a mission to use the Internet to transform book buying into the fastest, easiest, and most enjoyable shopping experience possible. At the very beginning, Amazon.com only sold books online and no one paid any attention to this newborn baby. Those Internet companies considered it just another negligible vendor on the Web and those mega-bookstores ignored it, thinking that it was only a trivial button on a brilliant evening gown.

However, reality has the last say. Because of its considerate service, inviting price, large variety of books and tremendous convenience, more and more customers were attracted to visit this website and buy books online. Only four years after its foundation, this online bookstore had grown beyond the two biggest bookstores in the United States, Barnes and Noble and Borders, with a market value exceeding the total value of these two. Being cornered by this giant, Barnes and Noble had no choice but to establish its own bookstore online. But how could it compete with Amazon.com?

Today, Amazon.com is the place to find and discover anything you want to buy online. Its range of products sold on the Internet is not only limited to books, but has extended to many other products, from toys to CDs, from DVDs to gifts, from medicines to cosmetics, so on and so on. Or in other words, we may buy almost everything that can be found on this planet. The miracle lies in that whatever Amazon.com does, it turns out to be very successful. Only four months after it began to sell CDs online, two giants of audio and video products in the United States were so scared that they merged with each other to compete with Amazon.com. There were many other cases of this. Thus Jeff Bezos has become the new idol of many young Americans and the Godfather of E-business.

However, Americans are not interested in skin-deep descriptions, they are more enthusiastic about facts, or rather, numbers and statistics.

Well, now let’s see the following chart. They may give you a more profound and concrete understanding of its success.

Profile of Amazon.com

Date of foundation July, 15

Date of issuing of stocks May, 17

Biggest individual shareholder Bezos (41%)

Total volume of books online .7 million (the year 000)

Increasing rate of books 0,000 per week

Personnel ,000 (the year 001)

Market value 0 billion

Net assets 7 billion

Customer accounts 6. million

Number of customers 1.1 million

Countries visited More than 160

Number of copartners 0.6 million

How they do

Before we look into it, let’s first examine two completely different ways of going shopping.

You take a bus to the nearest supermarket, wandering among piles of goods and looking for what you want. You walk from one aisle to another. Sometimes the assistant’s help is necessary, for quite often you may get lost in the huge variety of goods. When you finish, the most annoying thing comes, you have to wait in a long queue for a long time to pay, growing impatient and destroying the good mood of going shopping. Then after paying the money, you, carrying bags full of your harvests, big and small, go back home on an overcrowded bus.

In comparison, you stay at home, sitting in front your computer on a comfortable chair, with soft music on. What you need to do is to surf the relevant websites, browse the lists of goods and look for what you like. Then you click the mouse and pay by your credit card, and then it is done. You just wait at home and your goods will arrive at door in several hours or for certain product several days at most.

Obviously, the later one is much better than the former. Due to its unmatchable advantages, this has become the trend and this is the very way by which those online companies attract customers.

Amazon.com is the expert at this. Starting from a small online bookstore, now it is a matchless giant of E-business, with its business range covering almost every field. Its mode of business is completely different from those conventional companies. Instead of buying products from manufacturers first then selling these goods to customers, Amazon.com turns the order around. Customers first order the goods online and then Amazon.com will buy these goods from those manufacturers accordingly, with which it has already set up a very good relationship. In this way, the cost can be greatly reduced. Amazon.com has two big distributing centers in the United States. When the goods arrive at the centers, packers pack the goods and then porters will send them to customers. This is the basic sequence of how an online purchase is made.

Although Amazon.com declares that it is totally different from other companies, for it does not have factories and shops, it still has to establish distributing centers and the goods must by sent manually. So far this cannot be changed.

What they offer

Selling books has already made Amazon.com famous and successful. However, Bezos was not satisfied with this. He saw far beyond this and believed that more and more opportunities were waiting for him. Therefore, he gradually enlarged the range of products and services, merging and buying other companies without any hesitation.

Now you can buy almost anything you want at Amazon.com. Besides books, you may search for CDs, DVDs, gifts, toys, medicines, cosmetics, clothes, electric appliance, so on and so on. The variety is definitely beyond imagination and is incomparably more varied than conventional stores.

Along with the extensive catalog of products, Amazon.com also offers a wide variety of other shopping services and partnership opportunities. For instance, the customers may see an online movie. What makes it different is that you can choose any movie and see it at any time.

Some other services cater to different demands of customers and make this website outstanding. Here are some examples to make you clearer. You may sign up for Special Occasion Reminder service, and then youll never forget to get a gift for that special someone again. You may become an Amazon.com Associate and earn money by selling books, CDs, DVDs, videos, and many other products on your website. You may sign up for Delivers and E-mail subscription service, to receive the latest reviews of exceptional new titles in categories that interest you.

Maybe the following sentence will make you understand better Opportunities are just waiting for you there; it is your affair whether to grasp them or let them slip through your fingers.

What they believe

Just like any successful companies around the globe, Amazon.com has its own corporation culture. Here are the basic principles that all the employees value and lead them to greater success.

First of all, the customers are King. So the company makes every effort to improve the services they offer to retain the old customers and to attract new ones.

Still let’s see an example of how they make buying convenient. If you want to buy the book Godfather, you just need to type the title of the book, then all the latest information, the contents, the price, the discount and even the price on other websites, will be listed in front of you. If you cannot remember the title, you can also type some keywords mentioned in the book, although this seldom happens, then the website will list all the relevant information in detail. Or even worse, if you know nothing about the book, but the color of the cover, this will do. Isn’t that amazing?

Mistakes cannot be avoided. Sometimes if it is not the company’s fault, the shippers will also apologize to the customers. Even more, if you are not content with the contents of the book, you can even send the book back and get the refund.

Why do they do all these things that others do not? Because they believe that the company will not survive without the support from customers. Actually what they compete for with other companies is nothing but customers. So they will do whatever they can to attract them.

Secondly, they understand profoundly that the most precious assets of a company are the employees, the talents. So the company tries every means to retain these talented people. Bezos himself is famous for being kind and intimate to his employees. They can chat equally. They can exchange opinions freely. All the staff is satisfied with their working environment and in this Bezos?personal charm plays an important role. He makes the employees feel that they are all masters of the company and have done something or have contributed something to the success of the company.

Of course, it is difficult to enter this company. Anyone who wants to become a member of Amazon.com has to pass very strict tests and interviews. We can say that all that work there are elites.

Third, they believe that the scale of a company is critical. That is the very reason why Bezos always pours huge amounts of money to expand their company and enlarge their business. He ignored the fact the company is still in the red, yet it never hesitates to annex the companies that they think are promising and profitable. The ambitious Bezos wants to stretch his tentacles to every field. And the miracle is that whatever Amazon.com does, it turns out to be a success.

Besides, the company highlights its brand. They believe that it is easy to establish a brand but difficult to popularize and maintain it. As a result, Amazon.com will spend 0% of their annual income on advertisement to increase the influence of their brand and make customers much more familiar with the website. This has been proved a complete success.

Insubstantial or prosperous

No doubt, Amazon.com has done a splendid job. However, many people see it with a critical eye. They are doubtful and concerned about its future. Many experts say that this entire prosperous scene is nothing but a mass of foam, whose bubbles will sooner or later burst and then nothing will remain. These doubts and concerns are not groundless. Let’s have a look at its stocks.

Amazon.com first listed its stock on NASDAQ in May 17 , at a price of about $. Then by the beginning of the year 18, the price rose slightly, no more than $10. However, after one year’s advertising and expansion, the price rocketed to $00 by the end of 18. Everyone was shocked. However, this was not the stop. The price once exceeded $400. People began to doubt. Could this be true? Was this real or insubstantial? Even Bezos himself advised people not to buy its stocks; for it was so risky that no one could tell what would happen the next day.

The fall in price at last arrived. Now its price is less than $0. Most people hold a wait-and-see attitude. They hope Amazon.com can squeeze out all the foam and come to ground again.

Besides the inflated value in the stock market, one thing cannot be ignored. That is the fact that the company is always in the red. So far Amazom.com has had a deficit every year. And the company’s business is so broad that it almost covers every single field. People wonder that if things go on like this, whether the company will soon collapse.

On the contrary, Bezos is quite confident and optimistic about the present situation. He says that now it is not yet time for them to make a profit. They must continue to invest to reach a large enough scale and Amazon.com will have a profitable future.

The Amazon is the longest river in this world and has the largest drainage area. But what will become of Amazon.com? Will it be the largest and most successful online company? Will it become the real Amazon in its domain? We do not know. But one thing is undeniable. Amazon.com is the pioneer of E-business and will leave an ineffaceable footprint in history.



E-business in China

Present Situation

Maybe my view is not correct, but to me, E-business just looks like a kind of cancer, vigorous and diffused. China, as the world’s largest developing country, cannot say no to it. Actually, E-business, a new thing from the west, reached China several years ago. However, the situation here is a little awkward. People, from experts to entrepreneurs, all admire E-business and believe that it will have a promising future. But the present development is not yet satisfactory. Or in other words, it is so weak that people can do nothing about it. In the United States, the total annual trade value has now reached billions of dollars. However, in China, it is only millions of RMB. What a disparity!

The website, 8848.com , may be the most noted online company doing E-business in China. With its headquarters in Beijing, it is now the biggest in the field and Juntao Wang, the CEO of the company says that they want to be the leader of E-business in China and are making every effort to achieve this goal. Maybe from its name, 8848, the height of Mt. Everest, we can see his goal quite clearly.

But first let’s see what you can do on this website. 8848.com mainly deals with the business among enterprises. Companies can apply to appear on this website, to which they can add links to their own official websites and more importantly; they can directly publish the latest information about their companies and the products online. In this way, more opportunities and convenience can be provided to companies, so these companies can do business more easily and efficiently. This is one of the modes of E-business.

What 8848.com is endeavoring to do is to promote the modes of BB (business to business) and BC (business to customer), which respectively means that enterprises do business with other enterprises and enterprises do business directly with individuals. These are the trends of E-business nowadays all over the world and CC (customer to customer) is also the ideal mode of doing business in the future. Difficult as it is now in China, it is developing at tremendous speed and experts predict flourishing prospects.

Another well-known online company is Eguo.com . This is a completely online retailer, resembling Amazon.com to some degree. By surfing this website, you just need to click the mouse to choose your satisfactory goods, then someone from the company will telephone you to confirm whether you will certainly purchase the goods, then some porters in red weskits will send the goods to your door within the guaranteed time and collect the money.

The company quite underscores the quality of the service that they offer to their customers, for they know that customers are much more important to an online company, compared with conventional companies. Consequently Eguo.com provides the customers with a special service�One Hour Service. With this service, customers can get what they buy online in one hour’s time if the goods are included in this service. This successful service has become widespread. Now the company has taken another step to expand its business and is building chain stores around Beijing city, thus combining E-commerce with conventional business.

One more thing that makes Eguo.com advanced and popular is the online payment. If you have a Merchant Bank visa, you can pay via the Internet and in this way cash is eliminated. Suppose you want to surprise your girlfriend with a gift, you can order it at Eguo.com, pay the money online, and then your girlfriend will receive the gift and you do not need to do anything else. Quite romantic, isn’t it? Thus, more and more people have gradually accepted online payment.

Problems

No doubt, E-business is becoming the mainstream in China and more and more people have begun to appreciate its importance. However, there do exist some problems and obstacles that block or slow down the tempo of the development of E-business in this large country.

First is the lack of personal credit in China. Maybe you cannot feel it, but it does exist in our society, and the problem is quite severe. If you pay a little attention, you may find amazingly that almost everyone is cheating in some way. In order to satisfy their personal interests, especially financial ones, many people would do anything, including deceit or securing advantages through influence or relationships, a common practice in China and called in Chinese Zouhoumen. People have the self-serving goals, to achieve their own ends.

Incredibility has already become the norm in China. Parents always teach their children to suspect others before believing what they say. This may avoid loss, but from another angel, it shows the lack of public trust in China, ironically.

This may be the sequela of the history, but it does become an obstacle to the growth of E-business in China. Credit, from the experts?point of view, is the elementary foundation of a market economy. Without it, normal business cannot go on. So what China needs to do first is to establish its own personal credit system.

Secondly, credit card is not popular in China whereas in the United States, cash plays a less important role in people’s daily life. Instead, credit card like Visa is becoming indispensable. On the contrary, ordinary people in China use cash when buying goods. Most people cannot accept credit card, despite its considerable convenience, due to the lack of credibility and the immaturity of credit card system among the banks. However, everyone has reason to believe that in the not too distant future, credit card will replace cash and become quite common in China.

Third, buying via the Internet is not still widespread in China. Today, more than sixty million people surf the Internet in China, which is a huge figure in most people’s eyes, but compared with the immense population of the country, we can by no means say that the Internet has already become popular in China. In some remote rural areas, many people, without exaggeration, still do not know what a computer is, let alone the Internet. So the Internet must be popularized before talking about doing E-business.

Fourth is the incompetence of the online companies. They themselves impede the development of E-business. The service is not satisfactory. Eguo.com has such a problem. Quite often, after you order the goods at this website, the company will telephone you to notify that the goods that you have ordered are not available, and the customers are discontented. Many other companies have only got the superficial meaning of E-business. Sometimes what they do is restricted to the provision of relevant information, far from the core meaning of E-business.

However, we cannot attribute all these to the companies. After all, E-business has just begun in China and there is definitely a long and rough way to go before its full development.

Looking forward

Tough as the progress is, most people are still optimistic about the future, for everyone has the reason to believe that based on the large population, the rapid national economic development, the establishment of personal credibility and the prevalence of the Internet, E-business will sooner or later fully merge into people’s daily life in this old and modern giant.

Conclusion

So far we have talked so much about E-business and you now may bear an idea in your mind that E-business will be the dominant way of doing business and change people’s way of living completely. However, you may overlook one point. That is when one thing becomes public and utilized by the whole society; it will become so ordinary that no one will pay much attention to it. That is why, nowadays, E-business has constantly been the focus of mass media. Maybe one day, the Internet and E-business itself will become a certain kind of public utility, like water, electricity and gas, which everyone can use at any time and any place and only pay little. Moreover, when every field of our life is cyberized in the future, the concept of E-business itself will disappear.

That is possible, definitely possible.

The E-business Revolution/ Daniel Amor ?000 by Hewlett-Packard Company, published by Prentice Hall PTR, printed in USA

The introduction, the development and the characteristics of E-business

Relevant websites

http//www.Yahoo.com search engine for information about companies

http//www.amazon.com information about this online company

http//www.8848.com the famous online company in China

http//www.eguo.com a Chinese company dealing with buying goods online

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Economics

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The financial system in Japan is in need of a complete overhaul. Discuss.

What we are looking at here is the Japanese banking crisis that has been in chaos for so long. We will look at what started it, the implications that have risen over the years and what must the Japanese do in order for it to get its financial system back on track.

The Asian miracle itself was the product of falling profit rates which began to emerge in the major capitalist economies from the mid-170s onwards as firms in the United States, Europe and above all Japan directed capital into the region in the search for cheaper labour and resources. For a time investment in Asia did provide a boost to profits, so much so that for the first half of the 10s economic expansion in the region accounted for half the increase in world economic output. But by 15, the Asian boom was starting to falter. Overcapacity was developing in industries such as cars and computer chips, while the growth of exports, which have averaged around 0 percent per annum, declined to around 5 percent.

The form of the crisis that erupted in July 17 was a currency and financial meltdown; its underlying content was the overaccumulation of capital in relation to the available surplus value. In other words, it signified the opening of a struggle by the competing sections of the capital to eliminate their weaker brethren. ( 1 )




The main reason why Japan got itself into so much debt was just plain old irresponsible lending. This has been a country where a relationship or personal reference could sometimes have as much weight as millions of dollars in collateral. Other loans became a problem because they were backed by property and stocks whose value was vastly inflated in the mid � 80’s, but then took a dive after Japan’s stock market started to plummet at the end of the decade.

Perhaps a good way to visualise how bad things can get is to look at a place where the impact of a banks failure has hit home. The collapse of Hokkaido Takushoku Bank preceded the nationalisation of the Long Term Credit Bank by nearly a year. It announced last November it would be closing it doors due to billions of dollars in bad loans. The news and its impact was analogous in some ways to what Detroit might be like if General Motors calls it quits. (cnn.com)

Not only that, but behind this lending was the handling of loans which was the major factor behind the Asian financial crisis. There is categories to how the loans were handled. The first one is improper bank management and the circumvention of rules. This is related to that regulators may not have known that they were breaking violations and also that they did know but did not enforce the rules. The second problem here is reckless real estate lending. This was the introduction of competition into a system not based on strict disclosure rules and monitoring but on cartellized co-operation, and, therefore, provides temptation and opportunities for shady deals.

The next is relationship business. This is based on when a leading firm or bank misuses its power and exploits affiliated companies by shifting to them especially risky business, regardless of the desires of the affiliate. So the non-banks were used for purposes of rule circumvention and transfer of risky projects but were left unsupported when their loans became irrecoverable.

The final one is Fraud. An argument can be made that fraud will always happen no matter how the regulatory system is designed If someone wants to cheat they will. There was a lot of insider trading among banks, such as the withdrawal of large amounts of deposits one day before Kizu Credit was closed. Other factors that occurred were bribery and deals done by so called Mafia connections. So we can see the reasons behind the bad loan situations that were responsible for the collapse of the Asian market. As a result of this crisis, Japanese banks under financial stress as financial deregulation narrows their spreads between borrowing money and lending money, the weak economy reduces demand for their services and huge losses on real estate and other loans depleted their capital. Concerns about the health of Japans banking system have forced even top Japanese banks to pay a premium to borrow in the interbank market, making Japanese banks less competitive both at home and abroad. Even the main - bank relationship that has historically locked Japanese customers to their primary bank is threatened under the strain of competition from securities markets and foreign banks with lower cost funds.

The true value of problem loans in Japans financial system has reached Y150,000 bn. (Dollars 1,00 bn.)

The consequences that have arisen as a result of this

Japans banks have traditionally been among the worlds largest lenders. There is also the impact their turmoil is having on Japanese businesses and consumers, which also extends abroad.

As a result of this, banks like the Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Ltd ( Nations 10th largest ) was declared insolvent. The bank was established to help finance post war growth, primarily dealt with corporate Japan. And most of its business of providing long term loans to big businesses had dried up years ago.

Worried consumers and companies have little desire to spend when theyre anxious about the future. If theyre spending less, that usually means less spent on imports too.

Complicating matters are international banking rules that require money to be set aside to cover problem loans. That means less money is available to lend, a worsening problem as more loans default in the weakening economy. It is not helped by the slowdown of the US economy. According to Thomas Donahue ( US Chamber of Commerce ), We (in the US) are beginning to lay off workers in factories and in high tech industries. And these are people of every level, technically competent people, moderately educated, and workers without skills. We need them at every level. And they will all lose jobs if we lose the source of where we sell our products. So in Japan unemployment has risen to 4.7%, just below record of 4.%. If unemployment continues to rise then it could spell disaster in the economy as Japan is leader in technology.

In order for Japan to rebuild for the future, Japan is undertaking a plan known as the Big Bang (previously done in the UK) which is a financial overhaul aimed at rebuilding a rickety banking system and changing the way the worlds second-largest economy does business. Nicknamed after similar British financial reforms in the 180s, the changes also are being touted as the engine behind Japans transformation from a society dominated by bureaucrats to one that is consumer driven. The Japanese consumer stands to benefit as well with an array of new investment and saving options. This plan is to be implemented sometime in 001. Some of the changes like easing securities sales have already been implemented along with the lifting of restrictions on foreign currency trading.

Among the rules set out Further liberalisation of sales of mutual funds and securities and brokers commissions fees and the abolition of the securities transaction tax.

Tougher guidelines to keep banks from amassing too much debt.

Greater disclosures of corporate information which will allow investors to better judge whether a stock is a good buy.

The abolition of barriers between the work of banks, brokerages and insurers.

Also they should add more competition. Deregulation could break up the ministry of finances system in which bureaucrats make sure major players in any given industry get a piece of the pie, ensuring employment but keeping inefficient companies afloat.

Thus, there are signs the problems are finally being acknowledged by the government. Among other things, the Prime Minister of Japan had launched a $500 billion-plus financial stabilisation package which was announce earlier in the year. ( cnn.com ) Most of the money is earmarked for replenishing capital at banks so they will be encouraged to lend again. Also a plan to reduce the vulnerability of banks to stock market fluctuations by setting up a fund to buy part of their vast shareholdings.

To eliminate bad debt and restructure the banks means not only the closure or merger of financial conglomerates and financial institutions, but the sale of the assets which were financed by the loans.

With the presidential elections coming up each candidate has put forward their ideas on how to improve the falling economy. This can be good, as the Japanese people will vote for whom will they think will do the biggest clean up of the Japanese economy, so we could be looking at a brighter future in Japan.

Instead of sheltering banks from failure, the government must allow the cleansing action of the marketplace to operate, Unless and until Japanese banks are subject to the same forces facing their manufacturing counterparts they will be unable to compete on a level playing field. Thus, the recent rash of Japanese bank failures is actually a positive development giving the remaining banks a strong incentive to strengthen their balance sheets and to focus on profits rather than market share.

So we can see from our analysis the implications that have risen as a result of the Japanese collapse in the economy which have proved disastrous for the worlds second largest economy and also the plans that have been drawn up for the future in Japan. The plan known as the Big Bang should help new growth and development in the financial system, as well as the recent decline in Japan, it should push it back among the ranks of the worlds leading financial centers.



Mind that the sample papers like Economics presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Essay

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Essay even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Essay in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

1. How does your ecosystem differ from a natural ecosystem?

My ecosystem is artificial, meaning that it is controlled and not completely natural. Natural ecosystems are completely dependent upon themselves and have a chance of failing or changing due to human interferences. An artificial ecosystem is partly reliant on an outside source. In this case, I am the outside source, as I have created and maintained the ecosystem by guaranteeing the proper amount of sunlight, the location, and the amount and different kinds of species. Also, there are differences in the behaviour of the inhabitants of the ecosystem. My organisms do not have to compete for food, or fear predators, therefore increasing their life expectancy. However, the natality rate among my organisms would be very low, as there are only a couple of species and very few numbers of them. From this, I realized that an artificial ecosystem would be suitable for one generation of species, and not a continuous cycle.

Thus, I conclude that the two main differences in an artifical ecosystem in comparison with a natural one are a) The conditions and maintenance of the entire ecosystem

- artificial Controlled and carefully assuring appropriate amounts of sunlight, temperation etc.




- natural Easy to be interfered with the doings of humans; exposed to a various amount of temperature and weather changes

b) The behaviours of the organisms living within the ecosystem so as to maintain balance

- artificial Under ideal conditions, organisms have a high life expectancy and a low natality rate

- natural Harsher environment requiring adaptability; organisms have a lower life expectancy, but a higher natality rate

. How do plants make their own food and animals get the necessary nutrients from the ecosystem?

The aquatic plants act as a ‘gateway’ to the food chain in my ecosystem. They acquire their nutrients through photosynthesis. This is one of the reasons why 10 hours of sunlight is required. Through photosynthesis, the plant is capable of surviving and acting as a food source for the fish. The snails, as the decomposers, (linking the top of the food chain to the bottom), feed of off the fish waste and the remains of dead fish (when possible). The snails decompose the waste into nitrates for the plants to absorb. Because my ecosystem is smaller than a natural ecosystem, it only has two trophic levels. The plant/algae are the producers, the fish are the first order consumers, and the snails are the decomposers.

. Why is light required?

Light is required for three reasons.

a) Plants require the light for photosynthesis.

b) Light is required for the ecosystem to maintain a proper temperature in order for the organisms to survive. Sunlight is a form of energy, and it must enter my ecosystem the same at the same time that infrared light is radiated out .When the temperature is too cold or too hot (too little light or too much light), or constantly changing from one extreme to the other, the organisms (especially the fish) cannot survive very well.

4. What do you think will happen if a fish or snail dies?

Death is normal in an ecosystem as one generation needs to be eventually replaced with another. However, in an ecosystem as small as mine, death should not be occurring too often, as the ecosystem will collapse if too many organisms die. One death may not be that bad for the ecosystem, as the dead organism will act as an extra food source for the other creatures that will begin feeding upon it. The other fish may begin eating it soon, while the snails would turn the dead fish into useful nutrients for the plant (nitrates). That dead may be the cause of over-crowding, and it would prove to be good for the rest of the creatures, as its death would give the ecosystem more stability (more room for the other fish). However, the death of a fish or snail could also mean that there is an imbalance in the ecosystem, and the chances of the other few fish and snails dying is increased.

5. If your ecosystem is healthy, explain the factors that are responsible for making your ecosystem successful.

The perfect ecosystem has oxygen-consuming bacteria (from the water), fish and snails consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide at the same time as the green plants are producing oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This is called an ecological equilibrium.

My ecosystem is healthy mainly due to the caution I took when putting the ecosystem together. The controlled factors (the factors that I influenced) included the container for the ecosystem, the temperature and amount of sunlight in which I tried to ensure would be appropriate for the ecosystem.

Firstly, I found a container that would be the perfect size for my three fish, three snails and few strands of aquatic plants. The number of fish, snails and plants was also taken into consideration as it would have to be proportionate to the container size. The amount of space in the container should be sufficient, as a clustered artificial ecosystem is the equivalent of an over-populated natural ecosystem.

Secondly, I situated my ecosystem in a room where I knew sunlight reaches for quite a few hours. Also, I placed the bowl in the same room to try and allow sunlight to reach the bowl at the same time of day. This is to allow the fish and snails to adapt to their surroundings.

Thirdly, I made sure that the bowl was not being overheated due to the amounts of sunlight. This problem I went around by placing the bowl at a safe distance from the window, while checking on it every few hours to see if the distance is too close or too far.

Finally, the rest would be left up to the organisms to develop a food chain, find food and adapt to their surroundings.



Mind that the sample papers like Essay presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

art

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like art even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like art in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

I specifically like this painting, May Third, because of its realism and its portrayal of how evil our human race really is. The background is solemn and does not attract attention to itself- besides giving a setting to the place of the event. The background is drab and dark and lets you focus on the main focal point, which is the actual shooting. I like the use of color to highlight the main occurrence and the shapes of the bodies either dead or alive. The color can make is so realistic that you feel like you were there. The texture of the cold skin on the dead contrasts with the supple skin on the bodies of the living.

There is a balance between life, death, and the portrayal of more death to come. The emphasis is not placed on the main event of the shooting and the dead bodies and blood, but more on the emotions of the people who see their fate and lives clearly flashing before their eyes. Your eyes follow the movement in the painting from the faceless soldiers to the face of the man in the shape of the Christ and clothed in white- and about to die. I like the contrast of the white shirt on the rebel to the dark background and drab clothing of the soldiers and the men around them. Even the blood has been dulled to draw focus to the man in the white shirt, awaiting his fate in fear.

Notes

This image shows the random executions of the Spanish citizenry resulted from the fighting in the Puerto del Sol area of Madrid (Also see the Goya painting Second of May). A national uprising in Spain followed, and scenes such as Goyas Third of May were repeated throughout the Spanish countryside, as the French commanders failed to quell the national mood, and instead made it more furious.




Goya had previously admired the practical freedoms the French enlightenment had promised. Most of the Spanish intellectuals of Goyas time were weary of the faltering efforts of Charles IV and Ferdinand to bring reform and improvement to Spain. However, the brutality of Napolean (through his brother Joseph & the military commanders instructed to minimize the fighting there) suspended whatever affection the Spanish liberals had for French freedoms.

For the length of the six-year occupation by the French, Goya lived almost entirely in Madrid. There is much speculation in art books about whether Goya personally witnessed events such as The Second of May, and The Third of May. It is evident that Goya owned property at La Quinta, where the massacres took place, and there is (though disputed by some historians) a story by one of Goyas gardeners, a man named Isidro, who told Antonio Trueba (recorded in his book Madrid por fuera) that Goya witnessed the shootings at Montana del Principe Pio via telescope (a telescope was inventoried as belonging to Goya after his death), and that Isidro accompanied Goya later that night to the place where the corpses were, at which time Goya made notes. This account is referenced in Xavier de Salas book GOYA, published 178 by Mayflower books.



...the Third of May, has become even more famous, haunting the covers of history books, appearing on postage stamps and postcards. It has been used to epitomize the art of Goya, as well as the spirit of Spanish revolutionary heroism. This violent yet moving image depicts the public execution of insurgents on May 1808, the day following the insurrection [see Goyas Second of May] In contrast to the vigour of the street battle, in which the Spaniards appear, momentarily, to be gaining the upper hand, this massacre of civilians, which the French carried out in reprisal for the insurrection, has been painted in the most eye-catching colours. Here, in glowing whites, golds and scarlets against the sombre blacks, greys and browns of the background, the doomed men are immortalized, the street fighters from the Second of May meet their fate. One or two are recognizable the corpse sprawled below the living victims, a prone male figure with matted blood-soaked hair and shattered skull, is identifiable as the hero with the dagger, stabbing the horse in the right-hand foreground of the proceeding picture.

From Sarah Symmons book, Goya,

Phiadon Press, 18. Page 6.



Most of the victims have faces. The killers do not. This is one of the most often-noted aspects of the Third of May, and rightly so with this painting, the modern image of war as anonymous killing is born, and a long tradition of killing as ennobled spectacle comes to its overdue end.

From Robert Hughes book, Goya,

Knopf Books, 00. Page 17.

No other artist in Western civilization can equal Goya in lyricism or power. He just may be the most courageous painter of all time. This painting condemns organized brutality in a way that stands alone in excellence. This scene of slaughter captures every detail of a group of gleeful hateful men destroying their fellow men. Nothing else in all of art equals the violence, the black terror of the moment, with those guns pointed at the group of unarmed victims. This is a difficult painting to look at for extended periods of time and may even cause nightmares.

The Shootings of the Third of May, 1808 (1814) by Spanish painter Francisco Goya (Prado, Madrid). When Napoleon occupied Spain, Goyas bitter disillusionment with the French Revolution was reflected in such dramatic works as this, which commemorates the execution of a group of Madrid citizens. (Image � Art Archive)

Spanish painter and engraver. One of the major figures of European art, Goya depicted all aspects of Spanish life portraits, including those of the royal family, religious works, scenes of war and of everyday life. Towards the end of his life, he created strange, nightmarish works, the Black Paintings, with such horrific images as Saturn Devouring One of His Sons (c. 18 Prado, Madrid). His series of etchings include The Disasters of War (181014), depicting the horrors of the French invasion of Spain.

Goya was born in Aragn. After studying in Italy, he returned to Spain and was employed on a number of paintings for the royal tapestry factory as well as numerous portraits. In 178 he was appointed court painter to Charles IV. The eroticism of his Naked Maja and Clothed Maja (c. 180005 Prado, Madrid) caused such outrage that he was questioned by the Inquisition. The Shootings of May rd 1808 (1814 Prado, Madrid), painted for Ferdinand VII, is passionate in its condemnation of the inhumanity of war. Technically, Goya attained brilliant effects by thin painting over a red earth ground. Much influenced by Rembrandt (Rembrandt, Velzquez, and Nature were, he said, his guides), he turned in later years to a dusky near-monochrome. His skill, however, seemed to increase with age, and the Milkmaid of Bordeaux, one of his last paintings, shows him using colour with great freedom.

I specifically like this painting, May Third, because of its realism and its portrayal of how evil our human race really is. The background is solemn and does not attract attention to itself- besides giving a setting to the place of the event. The background is drab and dark and lets you focus on the main focal point, which is the actual shooting. I like the use of color to highlight the main occurrence and the shapes of the bodies either dead or alive. The color can make is so realistic that you feel like you were there. The texture of the cold skin on the dead contrasts with the supple skin on the bodies of the living.

There is a balance between life, death, and the portrayal of more death to come. The emphasis is not placed on the main event of the shooting and the dead bodies and blood, but more on the emotions of the people who see their fate and lives clearly flashing before their eyes. Your eyes follow the movement in the painting from the faceless soldiers to the face of the man in the shape of the Christ and clothed in white- and about to die. I like the contrast of the white shirt on the rebel to the dark background and drab clothing of the soldiers and the men around them. Even the blood has been dulled to draw focus to the man in the white shirt, awaiting his fate in fear.



Notes

This image shows the random executions of the Spanish citizenry resulted from the fighting in the Puerto del Sol area of Madrid (Also see the Goya painting Second of May). A national uprising in Spain followed, and scenes such as Goyas Third of May were repeated throughout the Spanish countryside, as the French commanders failed to quell the national mood, and instead made it more furious.

Goya had previously admired the practical freedoms the French enlightenment had promised. Most of the Spanish intellectuals of Goyas time were weary of the faltering efforts of Charles IV and Ferdinand to bring reform and improvement to Spain. However, the brutality of Napolean (through his brother Joseph & the military commanders instructed to minimize the fighting there) suspended whatever affection the Spanish liberals had for French freedoms.

For the length of the six-year occupation by the French, Goya lived almost entirely in Madrid. There is much speculation in art books about whether Goya personally witnessed events such as The Second of May, and The Third of May. It is evident that Goya owned property at La Quinta, where the massacres took place, and there is (though disputed by some historians) a story by one of Goyas gardeners, a man named Isidro, who told Antonio Trueba (recorded in his book Madrid por fuera) that Goya witnessed the shootings at Montana del Principe Pio via telescope (a telescope was inventoried as belonging to Goya after his death), and that Isidro accompanied Goya later that night to the place where the corpses were, at which time Goya made notes. This account is referenced in Xavier de Salas book GOYA, published 178 by Mayflower books.



...the Third of May, has become even more famous, haunting the covers of history books, appearing on postage stamps and postcards. It has been used to epitomize the art of Goya, as well as the spirit of Spanish revolutionary heroism. This violent yet moving image depicts the public execution of insurgents on May 1808, the day following the insurrection [see Goyas Second of May] In contrast to the vigour of the street battle, in which the Spaniards appear, momentarily, to be gaining the upper hand, this massacre of civilians, which the French carried out in reprisal for the insurrection, has been painted in the most eye-catching colours. Here, in glowing whites, golds and scarlets against the sombre blacks, greys and browns of the background, the doomed men are immortalized, the street fighters from the Second of May meet their fate. One or two are recognizable the corpse sprawled below the living victims, a prone male figure with matted blood-soaked hair and shattered skull, is identifiable as the hero with the dagger, stabbing the horse in the right-hand foreground of the proceeding picture.

From Sarah Symmons book, Goya,

Phiadon Press, 18. Page 6.



Most of the victims have faces. The killers do not. This is one of the most often-noted aspects of the Third of May, and rightly so with this painting, the modern image of war as anonymous killing is born, and a long tradition of killing as ennobled spectacle comes to its overdue end.

From Robert Hughes book, Goya,

Knopf Books, 00. Page 17.

No other artist in Western civilization can equal Goya in lyricism or power. He just may be the most courageous painter of all time. This painting condemns organized brutality in a way that stands alone in excellence. This scene of slaughter captures every detail of a group of gleeful hateful men destroying their fellow men. Nothing else in all of art equals the violence, the black terror of the moment, with those guns pointed at the group of unarmed victims. This is a difficult painting to look at for extended periods of time and may even cause nightmares.

The Shootings of the Third of May, 1808 (1814) by Spanish painter Francisco Goya (Prado, Madrid). When Napoleon occupied Spain, Goyas bitter disillusionment with the French Revolution was reflected in such dramatic works as this, which commemorates the execution of a group of Madrid citizens. (Image � Art Archive)

Spanish painter and engraver. One of the major figures of European art, Goya depicted all aspects of Spanish life portraits, including those of the royal family, religious works, scenes of war and of everyday life. Towards the end of his life, he created strange, nightmarish works, the Black Paintings, with such horrific images as Saturn Devouring One of His Sons (c. 18 Prado, Madrid). His series of etchings include The Disasters of War (181014), depicting the horrors of the French invasion of Spain.

Goya was born in Aragn. After studying in Italy, he returned to Spain and was employed on a number of paintings for the royal tapestry factory as well as numerous portraits. In 178 he was appointed court painter to Charles IV. The eroticism of his Naked Maja and Clothed Maja (c. 180005 Prado, Madrid) caused such outrage that he was questioned by the Inquisition. The Shootings of May rd 1808 (1814 Prado, Madrid), painted for Ferdinand VII, is passionate in its condemnation of the inhumanity of war. Technically, Goya attained brilliant effects by thin painting over a red earth ground. Much influenced by Rembrandt (Rembrandt, Velzquez, and Nature were, he said, his guides), he turned in later years to a dusky near-monochrome. His skill, however, seemed to increase with age, and the Milkmaid of Bordeaux, one of his last paintings, shows him using colour with great freedom.

I specifically like this painting, May Third, because of its realism and its portrayal of how evil our human race really is. The background is solemn and does not attract attention to itself- besides giving a setting to the place of the event. The background is drab and dark and lets you focus on the main focal point, which is the actual shooting. I like the use of color to highlight the main occurrence and the shapes of the bodies either dead or alive. The color can make is so realistic that you feel like you were there. The texture of the cold skin on the dead contrasts with the supple skin on the bodies of the living.

There is a balance between life, death, and the portrayal of more death to come. The emphasis is not placed on the main event of the shooting and the dead bodies and blood, but more on the emotions of the people who see their fate and lives clearly flashing before their eyes. Your eyes follow the movement in the painting from the faceless soldiers to the face of the man in the shape of the Christ and clothed in white- and about to die. I like the contrast of the white shirt on the rebel to the dark background and drab clothing of the soldiers and the men around them. Even the blood has been dulled to draw focus to the man in the white shirt, awaiting his fate in fear.



Notes

This image shows the random executions of the Spanish citizenry resulted from the fighting in the Puerto del Sol area of Madrid (Also see the Goya painting Second of May). A national uprising in Spain followed, and scenes such as Goyas Third of May were repeated throughout the Spanish countryside, as the French commanders failed to quell the national mood, and instead made it more furious.

Goya had previously admired the practical freedoms the French enlightenment had promised. Most of the Spanish intellectuals of Goyas time were weary of the faltering efforts of Charles IV and Ferdinand to bring reform and improvement to Spain. However, the brutality of Napolean (through his brother Joseph & the military commanders instructed to minimize the fighting there) suspended whatever affection the Spanish liberals had for French freedoms.

For the length of the six-year occupation by the French, Goya lived almost entirely in Madrid. There is much speculation in art books about whether Goya personally witnessed events such as The Second of May, and The Third of May. It is evident that Goya owned property at La Quinta, where the massacres took place, and there is (though disputed by some historians) a story by one of Goyas gardeners, a man named Isidro, who told Antonio Trueba (recorded in his book Madrid por fuera) that Goya witnessed the shootings at Montana del Principe Pio via telescope (a telescope was inventoried as belonging to Goya after his death), and that Isidro accompanied Goya later that night to the place where the corpses were, at which time Goya made notes. This account is referenced in Xavier de Salas book GOYA, published 178 by Mayflower books.



...the Third of May, has become even more famous, haunting the covers of history books, appearing on postage stamps and postcards. It has been used to epitomize the art of Goya, as well as the spirit of Spanish revolutionary heroism. This violent yet moving image depicts the public execution of insurgents on May 1808, the day following the insurrection [see Goyas Second of May] In contrast to the vigour of the street battle, in which the Spaniards appear, momentarily, to be gaining the upper hand, this massacre of civilians, which the French carried out in reprisal for the insurrection, has been painted in the most eye-catching colours. Here, in glowing whites, golds and scarlets against the sombre blacks, greys and browns of the background, the doomed men are immortalized, the street fighters from the Second of May meet their fate. One or two are recognizable the corpse sprawled below the living victims, a prone male figure with matted blood-soaked hair and shattered skull, is identifiable as the hero with the dagger, stabbing the horse in the right-hand foreground of the proceeding picture.

From Sarah Symmons book, Goya,

Phiadon Press, 18. Page 6.



Most of the victims have faces. The killers do not. This is one of the most often-noted aspects of the Third of May, and rightly so with this painting, the modern image of war as anonymous killing is born, and a long tradition of killing as ennobled spectacle comes to its overdue end.

From Robert Hughes book, Goya,

Knopf Books, 00. Page 17.

No other artist in Western civilization can equal Goya in lyricism or power. He just may be the most courageous painter of all time. This painting condemns organized brutality in a way that stands alone in excellence. This scene of slaughter captures every detail of a group of gleeful hateful men destroying their fellow men. Nothing else in all of art equals the violence, the black terror of the moment, with those guns pointed at the group of unarmed victims. This is a difficult painting to look at for extended periods of time and may even cause nightmares.

The Shootings of the Third of May, 1808 (1814) by Spanish painter Francisco Goya (Prado, Madrid). When Napoleon occupied Spain, Goyas bitter disillusionment with the French Revolution was reflected in such dramatic works as this, which commemorates the execution of a group of Madrid citizens. (Image � Art Archive)

Spanish painter and engraver. One of the major figures of European art, Goya depicted all aspects of Spanish life portraits, including those of the royal family, religious works, scenes of war and of everyday life. Towards the end of his life, he created strange, nightmarish works, the Black Paintings, with such horrific images as Saturn Devouring One of His Sons (c. 18 Prado, Madrid). His series of etchings include The Disasters of War (181014), depicting the horrors of the French invasion of Spain.

Goya was born in Aragn. After studying in Italy, he returned to Spain and was employed on a number of paintings for the royal tapestry factory as well as numerous portraits. In 178 he was appointed court painter to Charles IV. The eroticism of his Naked Maja and Clothed Maja (c. 180005 Prado, Madrid) caused such outrage that he was questioned by the Inquisition. The Shootings of May rd 1808 (1814 Prado, Madrid), painted for Ferdinand VII, is passionate in its condemnation of the inhumanity of war. Technically, Goya attained brilliant effects by thin painting over a red earth ground. Much influenced by Rembrandt (Rembrandt, Velzquez, and Nature were, he said, his guides), he turned in later years to a dusky near-monochrome. His skill, however, seemed to increase with age, and the Milkmaid of Bordeaux, one of his last paintings, shows him using colour with great freedom.

I specifically like this painting, May Third, because of its realism and its portrayal of how evil our human race really is. The background is solemn and does not attract attention to itself- besides giving a setting to the place of the event. The background is drab and dark and lets you focus on the main focal point, which is the actual shooting. I like the use of color to highlight the main occurrence and the shapes of the bodies either dead or alive. The color can make is so realistic that you feel like you were there. The texture of the cold skin on the dead contrasts with the supple skin on the bodies of the living.

There is a balance between life, death, and the portrayal of more death to come. The emphasis is not placed on the main event of the shooting and the dead bodies and blood, but more on the emotions of the people who see their fate and lives clearly flashing before their eyes. Your eyes follow the movement in the painting from the faceless soldiers to the face of the man in the shape of the Christ and clothed in white- and about to die. I like the contrast of the white shirt on the rebel to the dark background and drab clothing of the soldiers and the men around them. Even the blood has been dulled to draw focus to the man in the white shirt, awaiting his fate in fear.





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