We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like laos even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like laos in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The capital of Laos, or Lao People¡¦s Democratic Republic, is Vientiane. It is in Asia and its size is 6,800 kilo meters. That¡¦s a little bigger than Utah. Laos has a tropical monsoon climate. Temperatures range between 57¢XF and ¢XF with April as the warmest month, and January as the coolest month. Laos borders Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Japan took over Laos in World War II and France took it back in 146. Laos won independence from France in July 1, 14 and it is a communist country. Laos also fought in the Vietnam War for the north side. The people in Laos are open, kind, and friendly. In Laos, you salute by holding your hands together in front of your chest. Bo pen ngang (never mind) is a common expression. Laos has a wide range of food, ranging from European to Asian cuisine. Lao food is very spicy, but you can find Japanese, French, Italian, Chinese, Indian and other kinds of food in Laos. But if you ever visit Laos please do not forget to try khao neo (sticky rice). Khao neo is a symbol of Laos and it¡¦s taken together with all sort of food (like Europeans eat bread). In Laos there are no separate courses and all the dishes are served at the same time. Lao marriages are similar to Buddhist marriages. One of Laos¡¦s holidays is Republic Day which is celebrated on December . some agricultural products are sweet potatoes, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton; tea, peanuts, rice; water buffalo, pigs, and cattle.
Mind that the sample papers like laos presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label example of essay. Show all posts
Showing posts with label example of essay. Show all posts
Wednesday, 23 January 2013
transistors
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like transistors even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like transistors in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Citation
Text Volti, Rudi. Transistor. The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society. New York Facts On File, Inc., 1. Facts On File, Inc. Science Online. www.factsonfile.com.
Silicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that man produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon.
Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy-band gaps smaller than eV. An important property of semiconductors is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors have electrical resistivities between 10-5 and 107 ohms. Semiconductors can be crystalline or amorphous. Elemental semiconductors are simple-element semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.
Silicon is the most common semiconductor material used today. It is used for diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories, infrared detection and lenses, light-emitting diodes (LED), photosensors, strain gages, solar cells, charge transfer devices, radiation detectors and a variety of other devices. Silicon belongs to the group IV in the periodic table. It is a grey brittle material with a diamond cubic structure. Silicon is conventionally doped with Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony and Boron, Aluminum, and Gallium acceptors. The energy gap of silicon is 1.1 eV. This value permits the operation of silicon semiconductors devices at higher temperatures than germanium.
Now I will give you some brief history of the evolution of electronics which will help you understand more about semiconductors and the silicon chip. In the early 100’s before integrated circuits and silicon chips were invented, computers and radios were made with vacuum tubes. The vacuum tube was invented in 106 by Dr.Lee DeForest. Throughout the first half of the 0th century, vacuum tubes were used to conduct, modulate and amplify electrical signals. They made possible a variety of new products including the radio and the computer. However vacuum tubes had some inherent problems. They were bulky, delicate and expensive, consumed a great deal of power, took time to warm up, got very hot, and eventually burned out. The first digital computer contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 50 tins, and required 140 kilowatts of power.
By the 10’s, researchers at the Bell Telephone Laboratories were looking for a replacement for the vacuum tube. They began studying the electrical properties of semiconductors which are non-metallic substances, such as silicon, that are neither conductors of electricity, like metal, nor insulators like wood, but whose electrical properties lie between these extremes. By 147 the transistor was invented. The Bell Labs research team sought a way of directly altering the electrical properties of semiconductor material. They learned they could change and control these properties by doping the semiconductor, or infusing it with selected elements, heated to a gaseous phase. When the semiconductor was also heated, atoms from the gases would seep into it and modify its pure, crystal structure by displacing some atoms. Because these dopant atoms had different amount of electrons than the semiconductor atoms, they formed conductive paths. If the dopant atoms had more electrons than the semiconductor atoms, the doped regions were called n-type to signify and excess of negative charge. Less electrons, or an excess of positive charge, created p-type regions. By allowing this dopant to take place in carefully delineated areas on the surface of the semiconductor, p-type regions could be created within n-type regions, and vice-versa. The transistor was much smaller than the vacuum tube, did not get very hot, and did not require a headed filament that would eventually burn out.
Finally in 158, integrated circuits were invented. By the mid 150’s, the first commercial transistors were being shipped. However research continued. The scientist began to think that if one transistor could be built within one solid piece of semiconductor material, why not multiple transistors or even an entire circuit. With in a few years this speculation became one solid piece of material. These integrated circuits(ICs) reduced the number of electrical interconnections required in a piece of electronic equipment, thus increasing reliability and speed. In contrast, the first digital electronic computer built with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 50 tons, cost about 1 million, required 140 kilowatts of power, and occupied an entire room. Today, a complete computer, fabricated within a single piece of silicon the size of a child’s fingernail, cost only about $10.00.
Now I will tell you the method of how the integrated circuits and the silicon chip is formed. Before the IC is actually created a large scale drawing, about 400 times larger than the actual size is created. It takes approximately one year to create an integrated circuit. Then they have to make a mask. Depending on the level of complexity, an IC will require from 5 to 18 different glass masks, or work plates to create the layers of circuit patterns that must be transferred to the surface of a silicon wafer. Mask-making begins with an electron-beam exposure system called MEBES. MEBES translates the digitized data from the pattern generating tape into physical form by shooting an intense beam of electrons at a chemically coated glass plate. The result is a precise rendering, in its exact size, of a single circuit layer, often less than one-quarter inch square. Working with incredible precision , it can produce a line one-sixtieth the width of a human hair.
After purification, molten silicon is doped, to give it a specific electrical characteristic. Then it is grown as a crystal into a cylindrical ingot. A diamond saw is used to slice the ingot into thin, circular wafers which are then polished to a perfect mirror finish mechanically and chemically. At this point IC fabrication is ready to begin.
To begin the fabrication process, a silicon wafer (p-type, in this case) is loaded into a 100 C furnace through which pure oxygen flows. The end result is an added layer of silicon dioxide (SiO), grown on the surface of the wafer. The oxidized wafer is then coated with photoresist, a light-sensitive, honey-like emulsion. In this case we use a negative resist that hardens when exposed to ultra-violet light. To transfer the first layer of circuit patterns, the appropriate glass mask is placed directly over the wafer. In a machine much like a very precise photographic enlarger, an ultraviolet light is projected through the mask. The dark pattern on the mask conceals the wafer beneath it, allowing the photoresist to stay soft; but in all other areas, where light passes through the clear glass, the photoresist hardens. The wafer is then washed in a solvent that removes the soft photoresist, but leaves the hardened photoresist on the wafer. Where the photoresist was removed, the oxide layer is exposed. An etching bath removes this exposed oxide, as well as the remaining photoresist. What remains is a stencil of the mask pattern, in the form of minute channels of oxide and silicon. The wafer is placed in a diffusion furnace which will be filled with gaseous compounds (all n-type dopants), for a process known as impurity doping. In the hot furnace, the dopant atoms enter the areas of exposed silicon, forming a pattern of n-type material. An etching bath removes the remaining oxide, and a new layer of silicon (n-) is deposited onto the wafer. The first layer of the chip is now complete, and the masking process begins again a new layer of oxide is grown, the wafer is coated with photoresist, the second mask pattern is exposed to the wafer, and the oxide is etched away to reveal new diffusion areas. The process is repeated for every mask - as many as 18 - needed to create a particular IC. Of critical importance here is the precise alignment of each mask over the wafer surface. It is out of alignment more than a fraction of a micrometer (one-millionth of a meter), the entire wafer is useless. During the last diffusion a layer of oxide is again grown over the water. Most of this oxide layer is left on the wafer to serve as an electrical insulator, and only small openings are etched through the oxide to expose circuit contact areas. To interconnect these areas, a thin layer of metal (usually aluminum) is deposited over the entire surface. The metal dips down into the circuit contact areas, touching the silicon. Most of the surface metal is then etched away, leaving an interconnection pattern between the circuit elements. The final layer is vapox, or vapour-deposited-oxide, a glass-like material that protects the IC from contamination and damage. It, too, is etched away, but only above the bonding pads, the square aluminum areas to which wires will later be attached.
Mind that the sample papers like transistors presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Citation
Text Volti, Rudi. Transistor. The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society. New York Facts On File, Inc., 1. Facts On File, Inc. Science Online. www.factsonfile.com.
Silicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that man produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon.
Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy-band gaps smaller than eV. An important property of semiconductors is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors have electrical resistivities between 10-5 and 107 ohms. Semiconductors can be crystalline or amorphous. Elemental semiconductors are simple-element semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.
Silicon is the most common semiconductor material used today. It is used for diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, memories, infrared detection and lenses, light-emitting diodes (LED), photosensors, strain gages, solar cells, charge transfer devices, radiation detectors and a variety of other devices. Silicon belongs to the group IV in the periodic table. It is a grey brittle material with a diamond cubic structure. Silicon is conventionally doped with Phosphorus, Arsenic and Antimony and Boron, Aluminum, and Gallium acceptors. The energy gap of silicon is 1.1 eV. This value permits the operation of silicon semiconductors devices at higher temperatures than germanium.
Now I will give you some brief history of the evolution of electronics which will help you understand more about semiconductors and the silicon chip. In the early 100’s before integrated circuits and silicon chips were invented, computers and radios were made with vacuum tubes. The vacuum tube was invented in 106 by Dr.Lee DeForest. Throughout the first half of the 0th century, vacuum tubes were used to conduct, modulate and amplify electrical signals. They made possible a variety of new products including the radio and the computer. However vacuum tubes had some inherent problems. They were bulky, delicate and expensive, consumed a great deal of power, took time to warm up, got very hot, and eventually burned out. The first digital computer contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 50 tins, and required 140 kilowatts of power.
By the 10’s, researchers at the Bell Telephone Laboratories were looking for a replacement for the vacuum tube. They began studying the electrical properties of semiconductors which are non-metallic substances, such as silicon, that are neither conductors of electricity, like metal, nor insulators like wood, but whose electrical properties lie between these extremes. By 147 the transistor was invented. The Bell Labs research team sought a way of directly altering the electrical properties of semiconductor material. They learned they could change and control these properties by doping the semiconductor, or infusing it with selected elements, heated to a gaseous phase. When the semiconductor was also heated, atoms from the gases would seep into it and modify its pure, crystal structure by displacing some atoms. Because these dopant atoms had different amount of electrons than the semiconductor atoms, they formed conductive paths. If the dopant atoms had more electrons than the semiconductor atoms, the doped regions were called n-type to signify and excess of negative charge. Less electrons, or an excess of positive charge, created p-type regions. By allowing this dopant to take place in carefully delineated areas on the surface of the semiconductor, p-type regions could be created within n-type regions, and vice-versa. The transistor was much smaller than the vacuum tube, did not get very hot, and did not require a headed filament that would eventually burn out.
Finally in 158, integrated circuits were invented. By the mid 150’s, the first commercial transistors were being shipped. However research continued. The scientist began to think that if one transistor could be built within one solid piece of semiconductor material, why not multiple transistors or even an entire circuit. With in a few years this speculation became one solid piece of material. These integrated circuits(ICs) reduced the number of electrical interconnections required in a piece of electronic equipment, thus increasing reliability and speed. In contrast, the first digital electronic computer built with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 50 tons, cost about 1 million, required 140 kilowatts of power, and occupied an entire room. Today, a complete computer, fabricated within a single piece of silicon the size of a child’s fingernail, cost only about $10.00.
Now I will tell you the method of how the integrated circuits and the silicon chip is formed. Before the IC is actually created a large scale drawing, about 400 times larger than the actual size is created. It takes approximately one year to create an integrated circuit. Then they have to make a mask. Depending on the level of complexity, an IC will require from 5 to 18 different glass masks, or work plates to create the layers of circuit patterns that must be transferred to the surface of a silicon wafer. Mask-making begins with an electron-beam exposure system called MEBES. MEBES translates the digitized data from the pattern generating tape into physical form by shooting an intense beam of electrons at a chemically coated glass plate. The result is a precise rendering, in its exact size, of a single circuit layer, often less than one-quarter inch square. Working with incredible precision , it can produce a line one-sixtieth the width of a human hair.
After purification, molten silicon is doped, to give it a specific electrical characteristic. Then it is grown as a crystal into a cylindrical ingot. A diamond saw is used to slice the ingot into thin, circular wafers which are then polished to a perfect mirror finish mechanically and chemically. At this point IC fabrication is ready to begin.
To begin the fabrication process, a silicon wafer (p-type, in this case) is loaded into a 100 C furnace through which pure oxygen flows. The end result is an added layer of silicon dioxide (SiO), grown on the surface of the wafer. The oxidized wafer is then coated with photoresist, a light-sensitive, honey-like emulsion. In this case we use a negative resist that hardens when exposed to ultra-violet light. To transfer the first layer of circuit patterns, the appropriate glass mask is placed directly over the wafer. In a machine much like a very precise photographic enlarger, an ultraviolet light is projected through the mask. The dark pattern on the mask conceals the wafer beneath it, allowing the photoresist to stay soft; but in all other areas, where light passes through the clear glass, the photoresist hardens. The wafer is then washed in a solvent that removes the soft photoresist, but leaves the hardened photoresist on the wafer. Where the photoresist was removed, the oxide layer is exposed. An etching bath removes this exposed oxide, as well as the remaining photoresist. What remains is a stencil of the mask pattern, in the form of minute channels of oxide and silicon. The wafer is placed in a diffusion furnace which will be filled with gaseous compounds (all n-type dopants), for a process known as impurity doping. In the hot furnace, the dopant atoms enter the areas of exposed silicon, forming a pattern of n-type material. An etching bath removes the remaining oxide, and a new layer of silicon (n-) is deposited onto the wafer. The first layer of the chip is now complete, and the masking process begins again a new layer of oxide is grown, the wafer is coated with photoresist, the second mask pattern is exposed to the wafer, and the oxide is etched away to reveal new diffusion areas. The process is repeated for every mask - as many as 18 - needed to create a particular IC. Of critical importance here is the precise alignment of each mask over the wafer surface. It is out of alignment more than a fraction of a micrometer (one-millionth of a meter), the entire wafer is useless. During the last diffusion a layer of oxide is again grown over the water. Most of this oxide layer is left on the wafer to serve as an electrical insulator, and only small openings are etched through the oxide to expose circuit contact areas. To interconnect these areas, a thin layer of metal (usually aluminum) is deposited over the entire surface. The metal dips down into the circuit contact areas, touching the silicon. Most of the surface metal is then etched away, leaving an interconnection pattern between the circuit elements. The final layer is vapox, or vapour-deposited-oxide, a glass-like material that protects the IC from contamination and damage. It, too, is etched away, but only above the bonding pads, the square aluminum areas to which wires will later be attached.
Mind that the sample papers like transistors presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, 22 October 2012
Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet #18
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet #18 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet #18 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Sonnet 18 is part of a large group of sonnets that Shakespeare wrote addressing a man of great beauty. Shakespeare, in sonnet 18, uses descriptions of nature, and the power and images that they imply, and directly compares them to the power the young man possesses in his youth, vigor, and promise. Shakespeare then finds that the beauty and power of nature do not compare to the beauty and power of the young man. He uses his poem as a way to provide the youth with an eternal existence and subsequently makes it evident that Shakespeare sees the young man as more than a human, he sees him as a god.
In the first quatrain Shakespeare begins his comparison between the young man and nature by comparing the young man to a summer’s day. The image suggests illumination, brilliance, light, life, and all things associated with the sun as the source of all these things. Shakespeare feels the same way about the young man; he is in his prime, in his glory, full of life and beautiful. He is idealized by Shakespeare in this description. It is interesting to note that the first line is in the form of a question. Shakespeare at this point, realizes that he’s made a mistake in his comparison. “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.” (Line ) He knows that his language and comparison are inadequate in trying to express the way he feels. He knows that comparing the youth to a summer’s day does not do justice to the feelings he has for him. The youth is more perfect than the beauty of a summer’s day. The man is more temperate--- he is gentler, more constant, and more controlled. He is safely more reliant than a summer’s day. Shakespeare questions the idea of the man being as gorgeous as a summer’s day and then ups the ante by saying the youth is more impressive. This is a great compliment and establishes that the feelings that Shakespeare has for the young man far transcend those of friendship or admiration. His feelings for the youth are that of love.
The following lines offer explanations of why the comparison to a summer’s day is not good enough. Shakespeare begins to show all of summer’s imperfections, beginning with the example that rough winds come in May and disturb the darling flowers. May is a time in the year when the weather starts to warm up and flowers are in full bloom--- the very beginning of summer. Shakespeare again uses a force of nature when he speaks of the wind. The image suggested is that of the hot wind of May coming and blowing petals off of the beautiful flowers. In contrast, the wind may be a metaphor for problems and obstacles in life and how the young man is not affected by opposition--- that he cannot be shaken. “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May...” () The summer may have imperfections but the youth, by Shakespeare’s belief, does not. This seems contradictory, as the fact is that the youth is a human and all human beings are imperfect. Shakespeare is happily blinded by his love. In his eyes, the youth can do no wrong and he has no negative attributes. Like any person in love, Shakespeare puts the youth on a great pedestal. This again is an affirmation of the love that Shakespeare feels for the man.
Shakespeare continues in his explanation of the inadequacy of summer. It may be beautiful at times, but it is important to realize that it only lasts for a period of time during the year--- “And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. (4). This comparison implies that the youth’s beauty lasts all year long; there is no limit on it and there is no time clock ticking to end it. The issue of time is one of great importance in this poem. Shakespeare feels as though the youth is not subject to time or age. Summer’s glory and beauty may end, but the youth’s will not. His denial of the mortality of the youth proves that he does not see him as human, but as something greater.
Shakespeare expresses that the sun shines too much some days and it is too hot. Other days the sun’s face is hidden by clouds and it is overcast. His personification of the sun lends a hand to comparison. The sun is too hot, but the youth is, as before, temperate. The sun’s golden complexion may be hidden by clouds but the youth’s beauty and golden complexion are never hindered or hidden. There is great power in the comparison of the youth to the sun. Shakespeare believes that all the power the sun possesses, brilliance, heat, color, blindness, and life are nothing compared to the power and perfection of the young man. This belief again provides affirmation that like a God, the young man is greater than the source of light and life on earth.
“And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed” (7-8) By saying that every fair from fair declines, Shakespeare is saying that every beautiful thing, at some point, grows less and less beautiful and that it reaches the point when it can never be as beautiful as when it first came into being. All beautiful things will fall from perfection. Like summer, beauty has a time limit on it. This is not the case with the young man. His beauty will never dim, nor wilt like the flowers in the wind, nor lessen, nor be covered like the sun may be. He will always retain the state of perfection. Absolute perfection is another quality that makes the youth like a God.
The next line shows that beauty flails because of chance accidents or by the fluctuation of nature’s course. This again ties in to the idea that a summer’s day is unpredictable and subject to change. This again is not true for the youth. The youth is temperate and his perfection is untouchable. He is steadfast and reliable. He is immune from accidents or fluctuation. He is again, perfection.
At this point Shakespeare has finished explaining how summer is an inadequate comparison to the youth and begins to explain his promise to the youth. “But thy eternal summer shall not fade…” The eternal summer represents the eternity of the youth’s perfection. The eternal summer won’t ever fade and it will never lose its original beauty. This again affirms that the youth is not subject to time. He is immortal. He is God-like.
Shakespeare finally declares that the reason that the youth will always be immortal and in perfect state is death has no power over him. “Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade...” (11) Unlike Death’s eventual victory over every living thing, it will not have any affect on the youth. The reason for this being that the youth, in all his glory, will always and forever be captured in Shakespeare’s verse and because of these lines, the youth will remain immortal and will grow as time grows.
“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this give life to thee.” (1-14) This final part of Shakespeare’s promise to the youth explains that as long as man inhabits the earth, the verse will always exist, and because of the existence of the verse, the youth will live on forever in the words. His image and beauty will always be captured in time and because it is captured, he will remain immortal. The verse gives the youth a means for immortality and eternal existence because it transcends the time barrier. He is a god.
Through the intensity of the emotion of love that Shakespeare is able to express in his writing it is proven that he viewed the youth as godlike. He idealizes the young man by the description of his beauty. His writing is motivated by the love that he feels for the youth. He explains the youth’s perfection by comparing and contrasting the youth to a summer’s day. He explains that a summer’s day is as inadequate a comparison, as the language he uses is in his attempt to express all he feels for the youth. Through the verse and his use of symbolism and personification of aspects of nature, and of the youth, Shakespeare is able to fully utilize this comparison by morphs the youth into the “endless summer,” an ideal without flaw or imperfection. He shows admiration and adoration for the youth by denying the man have any faults. Shakespeare explains that the youth, unlike summer, is immune to time and aging and the fading of beauty, and therefore makes him immortal. He provides means for immortality and eternity though the verse he writes because the youth will still exist on paper, even after the youth is no longer part of the physical world. Shakespeare catapults the man into a creature of perfection, beauty, endless youth, immortality, and because of all these attributes, he is a god in his own right.
Mind that the sample papers like Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet #18 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sonnet 18 is part of a large group of sonnets that Shakespeare wrote addressing a man of great beauty. Shakespeare, in sonnet 18, uses descriptions of nature, and the power and images that they imply, and directly compares them to the power the young man possesses in his youth, vigor, and promise. Shakespeare then finds that the beauty and power of nature do not compare to the beauty and power of the young man. He uses his poem as a way to provide the youth with an eternal existence and subsequently makes it evident that Shakespeare sees the young man as more than a human, he sees him as a god.
In the first quatrain Shakespeare begins his comparison between the young man and nature by comparing the young man to a summer’s day. The image suggests illumination, brilliance, light, life, and all things associated with the sun as the source of all these things. Shakespeare feels the same way about the young man; he is in his prime, in his glory, full of life and beautiful. He is idealized by Shakespeare in this description. It is interesting to note that the first line is in the form of a question. Shakespeare at this point, realizes that he’s made a mistake in his comparison. “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.” (Line ) He knows that his language and comparison are inadequate in trying to express the way he feels. He knows that comparing the youth to a summer’s day does not do justice to the feelings he has for him. The youth is more perfect than the beauty of a summer’s day. The man is more temperate--- he is gentler, more constant, and more controlled. He is safely more reliant than a summer’s day. Shakespeare questions the idea of the man being as gorgeous as a summer’s day and then ups the ante by saying the youth is more impressive. This is a great compliment and establishes that the feelings that Shakespeare has for the young man far transcend those of friendship or admiration. His feelings for the youth are that of love.
The following lines offer explanations of why the comparison to a summer’s day is not good enough. Shakespeare begins to show all of summer’s imperfections, beginning with the example that rough winds come in May and disturb the darling flowers. May is a time in the year when the weather starts to warm up and flowers are in full bloom--- the very beginning of summer. Shakespeare again uses a force of nature when he speaks of the wind. The image suggested is that of the hot wind of May coming and blowing petals off of the beautiful flowers. In contrast, the wind may be a metaphor for problems and obstacles in life and how the young man is not affected by opposition--- that he cannot be shaken. “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May...” () The summer may have imperfections but the youth, by Shakespeare’s belief, does not. This seems contradictory, as the fact is that the youth is a human and all human beings are imperfect. Shakespeare is happily blinded by his love. In his eyes, the youth can do no wrong and he has no negative attributes. Like any person in love, Shakespeare puts the youth on a great pedestal. This again is an affirmation of the love that Shakespeare feels for the man.
Shakespeare continues in his explanation of the inadequacy of summer. It may be beautiful at times, but it is important to realize that it only lasts for a period of time during the year--- “And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. (4). This comparison implies that the youth’s beauty lasts all year long; there is no limit on it and there is no time clock ticking to end it. The issue of time is one of great importance in this poem. Shakespeare feels as though the youth is not subject to time or age. Summer’s glory and beauty may end, but the youth’s will not. His denial of the mortality of the youth proves that he does not see him as human, but as something greater.
Shakespeare expresses that the sun shines too much some days and it is too hot. Other days the sun’s face is hidden by clouds and it is overcast. His personification of the sun lends a hand to comparison. The sun is too hot, but the youth is, as before, temperate. The sun’s golden complexion may be hidden by clouds but the youth’s beauty and golden complexion are never hindered or hidden. There is great power in the comparison of the youth to the sun. Shakespeare believes that all the power the sun possesses, brilliance, heat, color, blindness, and life are nothing compared to the power and perfection of the young man. This belief again provides affirmation that like a God, the young man is greater than the source of light and life on earth.
“And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed” (7-8) By saying that every fair from fair declines, Shakespeare is saying that every beautiful thing, at some point, grows less and less beautiful and that it reaches the point when it can never be as beautiful as when it first came into being. All beautiful things will fall from perfection. Like summer, beauty has a time limit on it. This is not the case with the young man. His beauty will never dim, nor wilt like the flowers in the wind, nor lessen, nor be covered like the sun may be. He will always retain the state of perfection. Absolute perfection is another quality that makes the youth like a God.
The next line shows that beauty flails because of chance accidents or by the fluctuation of nature’s course. This again ties in to the idea that a summer’s day is unpredictable and subject to change. This again is not true for the youth. The youth is temperate and his perfection is untouchable. He is steadfast and reliable. He is immune from accidents or fluctuation. He is again, perfection.
At this point Shakespeare has finished explaining how summer is an inadequate comparison to the youth and begins to explain his promise to the youth. “But thy eternal summer shall not fade…” The eternal summer represents the eternity of the youth’s perfection. The eternal summer won’t ever fade and it will never lose its original beauty. This again affirms that the youth is not subject to time. He is immortal. He is God-like.
Shakespeare finally declares that the reason that the youth will always be immortal and in perfect state is death has no power over him. “Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade...” (11) Unlike Death’s eventual victory over every living thing, it will not have any affect on the youth. The reason for this being that the youth, in all his glory, will always and forever be captured in Shakespeare’s verse and because of these lines, the youth will remain immortal and will grow as time grows.
“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this give life to thee.” (1-14) This final part of Shakespeare’s promise to the youth explains that as long as man inhabits the earth, the verse will always exist, and because of the existence of the verse, the youth will live on forever in the words. His image and beauty will always be captured in time and because it is captured, he will remain immortal. The verse gives the youth a means for immortality and eternal existence because it transcends the time barrier. He is a god.
Through the intensity of the emotion of love that Shakespeare is able to express in his writing it is proven that he viewed the youth as godlike. He idealizes the young man by the description of his beauty. His writing is motivated by the love that he feels for the youth. He explains the youth’s perfection by comparing and contrasting the youth to a summer’s day. He explains that a summer’s day is as inadequate a comparison, as the language he uses is in his attempt to express all he feels for the youth. Through the verse and his use of symbolism and personification of aspects of nature, and of the youth, Shakespeare is able to fully utilize this comparison by morphs the youth into the “endless summer,” an ideal without flaw or imperfection. He shows admiration and adoration for the youth by denying the man have any faults. Shakespeare explains that the youth, unlike summer, is immune to time and aging and the fading of beauty, and therefore makes him immortal. He provides means for immortality and eternity though the verse he writes because the youth will still exist on paper, even after the youth is no longer part of the physical world. Shakespeare catapults the man into a creature of perfection, beauty, endless youth, immortality, and because of all these attributes, he is a god in his own right.
Mind that the sample papers like Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet #18 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, 28 September 2012
dont go!
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- The Asian American Community is defined here as an instrumental and political one that stems from a shared racial location in the US. The impact of this social framework is evident in pan-Asian organizations, which tend to encourage solidarity among their diverse constituents by stressing shared racial interests.
- An emphasis on racial and political solidarity (as well as inclusionary boundaries) is also apparent in the following descriptions of Asian American Studies
- In highlighting shared racial fate, a strategy of Asian American Studies has been to emphasize a common historical past in the US.
- Asians also share a bond other oppressed groups of color.
-“ A bond” posed by racialization is the US
- The Term “Asian American Identity” encompasses on the one hand strategic politics, and on other limiting trap for the expression of diverse ethnic cultures.
- Incoming immigrants who are not US born citizens are posing a problem to the Pan-Asian Community
- By increasing the size and visibility of the Asian American population, post 165 Asian immigration has lent vigor and urgency to issued of the Asian American Community
- As the question The meaningfulness of the notion of shared racial interests and location that has guided pan-Asian activity.
- After 165, racial divisions within the Asian community started to arise, due to the fact most ‘Asians” at the time were very educated compared to there ancestors before. The question of whether a shared racial fate and location, determined what an “Asian” was came to life.
- A hierarchy of sort within the Asian community started to come about as well (classes)
- Ideas of racial agenda may seem especially problematic in the situations where class or occupational interests overlap with those of ethnic origin. Example 1 La riots, A lot of Korean businesses were destroyed. They have the highest rate of self-employment, a lot of them opened businesses in dominantly black populated areas, during 165 they facing barriers in the mainstream labor market. Koreans then said other Asian-American groups showed lack of interests in them.
- As suggested above, a primary and ongoing challenge to the racial interests framework of pan-Asianism stems from the competing ethnic-specific interests.
- Depending the interests of the group they turn to pan-Asian ties
-
Mind that the sample papers like dont go! presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
- The Asian American Community is defined here as an instrumental and political one that stems from a shared racial location in the US. The impact of this social framework is evident in pan-Asian organizations, which tend to encourage solidarity among their diverse constituents by stressing shared racial interests.
- An emphasis on racial and political solidarity (as well as inclusionary boundaries) is also apparent in the following descriptions of Asian American Studies
- In highlighting shared racial fate, a strategy of Asian American Studies has been to emphasize a common historical past in the US.
- Asians also share a bond other oppressed groups of color.
-“ A bond” posed by racialization is the US
- The Term “Asian American Identity” encompasses on the one hand strategic politics, and on other limiting trap for the expression of diverse ethnic cultures.
- Incoming immigrants who are not US born citizens are posing a problem to the Pan-Asian Community
- By increasing the size and visibility of the Asian American population, post 165 Asian immigration has lent vigor and urgency to issued of the Asian American Community
- As the question The meaningfulness of the notion of shared racial interests and location that has guided pan-Asian activity.
- After 165, racial divisions within the Asian community started to arise, due to the fact most ‘Asians” at the time were very educated compared to there ancestors before. The question of whether a shared racial fate and location, determined what an “Asian” was came to life.
- A hierarchy of sort within the Asian community started to come about as well (classes)
- Ideas of racial agenda may seem especially problematic in the situations where class or occupational interests overlap with those of ethnic origin. Example 1 La riots, A lot of Korean businesses were destroyed. They have the highest rate of self-employment, a lot of them opened businesses in dominantly black populated areas, during 165 they facing barriers in the mainstream labor market. Koreans then said other Asian-American groups showed lack of interests in them.
- As suggested above, a primary and ongoing challenge to the racial interests framework of pan-Asianism stems from the competing ethnic-specific interests.
- Depending the interests of the group they turn to pan-Asian ties
-
Mind that the sample papers like dont go! presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, 19 August 2012
investment and business oppoetunities in malaysia
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Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the investment and business opportunities in Malaysia. We will do this by analyzing Malaysia’s economic factors and indicators. As a country inherited elements of democracy from its previous colonizers and its experience of gaining independence, Malaysia could be seen as one of the few Islamic majority democracies, and one of the few highly successful Islamic states. Currently around 4000 foreign companies are operating in Malaysia. Many of these companies have expanded and diversified their operations over the years, reflecting their continued confidence in Malaysia.
Summary
After analyzing the economic conditions and investing opportunities in Malaysia we came to the conclusion that, Malaysia’s with its favorable investment environment which includes such factors as political and social stability, supportive government policies, available and qualified labor, competitive cost structures, excellent infrastructure, quality of life, and a generally good standard of living, has been successful in attracting direct foreign investment and will continue to do so.
History
Malaysia was first mentioned in Chinese and Sanskrit records of the 7th and 8th centuries. In subsequent centuries the area was under the influence and loose control of various Thai and Indonesian empires, including the great Sumatra-based civilization of Sri Vijaya.
The city of Malacca, founded by a Sumatran prince at the beginning of the 15th century, became the center of an Islamic empire and was to remain the primary trading post between India and China for more than 00 years.
In 1511, the control of Malacca went to the spice-trading Portuguese. In 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese and ruled for 154 years. They used imported Dutch stone to construct distinctive pink buildings, many of which still stand.
The British established a thriving port in Penang in 1786 and took over Malacca in 175. The British, discovered tin, and moved inland. Kuala Lumpur, was founded at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers in 1864. The British began building colonial-style structures and made it the capital of the Protected Malay States.
Malay nationalism and desire for self-rule was felt around the 10s. A call for independence was made but the move was halted by the Second World War. Later, the movement resumed and independence was declared on the 1st of August 157.
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
In 16, Malaysia was formed, bringing together the states of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Singapore, however, left the federation in 165.
Today, Malaysia is a strong participant of the six-member Association of South-East Asian Nations -ASEAN-. This association, comprising Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore, was formed to promote regional growth and cooperation among member nations. Malaysia has since been prosperous and generally peaceful from 165. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Geography
Rightly known as a tropical paradise, Malaysia is situated 7 degrees north of the Equator in the heart of Southeast Asia. Malaysia covers an area of about 0,071 sq.km., occupying the Malay Peninsular and the states of Sabah and Sarawak in the north-western coastal area of Borneo island. The two regions are separated by about 51.1 km of the South China Sea. Peninsular Malaysia, covering 11,587.67 sq.km, has its frontiers with Thailand while East Malaysia, which consists Sabah and Sarawak, about 18,847.4 sq.km, border the territory of Indonesias Kalimantan. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Climate
Malaysia is the classic example of a wet tropical zone- hot and humid all through the year, with the temperature ranging between 1º C and ºC, and the humidity usually touching around 0%. As in all of South East Asia, the monsoons are an important feature of the climate- Malaysia has two monsoons, one in August-September and the other between November and February. The time to see turtles on the east coast is between May and September. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Religion
The different types of religion in Malaysia reflect the variety of races living there. Islam is the official religion but Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity and other religions are practiced freely. Islam is practiced predominantly by the Malays. Most of the Chinese believe in Buddhism and Taoism but others are Christians. Hinduism is mostly practiced by the regions Indian population. Many indigenous people have converted to Christianity but others still practiced animism. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Language
The national language in Malaysia is Bahasa Malaysia. English, Tamil, Chinese (in its different dialects- Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan and Foochow), Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi are the other languages spoken by different ethnic groups. In addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the main ones being Iban and Kadazan. English is widely spoken by the business community. Mandarin and Tamil are taught concurrently with Bahasa Malaysia and English in schools. (www.planetgypsy.com)
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
Political Structure
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a bicameral federal legislature and unicameral state legislatures. Nine of the 1 states have hereditary rulers (eight Sultans and one Rajah) who share the position of King (Agong) on a five-year rotating basis. The Kings functions are purely ceremonial since constitutional amendments in 1 and 14.
The governing Barisan Nasional (National Front) coalition comprises the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Gerakan - a Chinese-based party, and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), plus a number of other parties including some based in Sabah and Sarawak. This coalition, in which UMNO is the dominant voice, has been in power in one form or another since the first elected government in 155. At the November 1 general election, the governing coalition was returned to power with its two thirds majority intact. The four national opposition parties formed a loose coalition, Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front), and increased the number of opposition seats in federal parliament. The next federal election is due to be held by 004. (www.dfat.gov)
Economy
General
Malaysia is an export-oriented economy. In the past 5 years, it has developed rapidly from an agriculture-based economy to one dominated by intermediate manufacturing. Manufactures now account for about 8 per cent of exports, of which about 70 per cent are electrical and electronic products. Chemical and wood products make up the bulk of the remaining manufactured exports. Malaysia is also the worlds leading exporter of palm oil.
Malaysias strong economic performance in the 180s and most of the 10s was built on careful economic planning and management. The government has sought to divest itself of direct ownership in industry, and in the early 10s undertook an ambitious privatisation program. As a result of these reforms, Malaysia enjoyed strong inflows of foreign direct investment in the decade before the Asian economic crisis, further enhancing its industrialisation process. The government � directly, and indirectly through its agencies � still has significant interests in the top 10 listed companies on the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange. The Asian financial crisis impacted greatly on the Malaysian economy. Growth fell sharply and unemployment rose significantly. The government adopted a range of policy responses, including capital controls and the pegging of the ringgit at RM.80 to the US dollar. Non-performing loans worth nearly RM50 billion have been restructured since 18, and the government has injected new funds into the ailing banking industry. The Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee has overseen the successful restructuring of a further RM44 billion in non-performing loans. (www.dfat.gov)
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
Recent Economic Performance
The Asian financial crisis followed a decade of high growth in Malaysia. Between 1 and 17, Malaysia sustained growth of around per cent per annum, with per capita income rising to among the highest in the region. In 18, the economy contracted by 7.4 per cent. From 1, capital control measures - introduced at the height of the economic crisis - were progressively eased in recognition of the need to restore foreign investor confidence. The RM/USD peg remains in place, but other capital control measures have now been abolished.
Malaysias economy recovered strongly in 1, achieving growth of 5.6 per cent. The turnaround was propelled largely by burgeoning exports and public sector spending. The economy grew by over 8 percent in 000 but slowed to 0.4 per cent growth in 001, reflecting weaker global economic conditions and decreased demand for exports in Malaysias key america and asian export markets. (www.dfat.gov)
The governments upward revision in September 00 of its 00 growth estimate (from .5 per cent to between four and five percent) proved accurate, with Malaysia recording a 4. per cent expansion on the back of growth in private consumption and positive export performance. Private consumption overtook manufacturing production as the main contributor to growth, expanding by 4.5% in 00. Analysts suggest that the upward trend in the Malaysian economy is based upon a number of favourable factors, including relatively low interest rates, rising incomes in the public and private sectors, greater access to credit and the governments expansionary fiscal policy.
Source Consensus Economics (March 00)
In 00, exports expanded by about 6%, while imports grew at 8.% in line with stronger domestic demand. The trade account maintained a sizeable surplus of RM50. billion in 00, slightly down from RM54.1 billion in 001.
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
The 00 budget (released in September 00) forecast growth of 6 to 6.5 per cent for 00, assuming export growth of 10.5 per cent. Recent forecasts are less optimistic, owing to the current slowdown in electronic shipments to the US. Consensus Economics forecasts growth of 4.8 per cent for 00. The 00 budget continues the inclination towards fiscal deficits since the 17 economic crisis. Government consumption and increased spending - particularly in the construction sector - have been crucial to ensuring positive growth in recent years. The government is targeting a fiscal deficit of . per cent of GDP for 00 and aims to achieve a balanced budget by 005. This target may prove difficult to realise in light of the softening US economy and the knock-on effects of military conflict in the Gulf. (www.dfat.gov)
Economic Policy
Since the early 10s, Prime Minister Mahathirs 00 Vision has underpinned Malaysias aspirations for economic development. The 00 Vision strives for an eightfold increase in GDP and achievement of “industrialised country” status by the year 00. The policy sets privatisation as a cornerstone of national development, whilst retaining an emphasis on foreign investment to sustain industrialisation.
The National Vision Policy (NVP), implemented in 001, replaces the New Economic Policy (NEP) (introduced in 16), and its successor, the National Development Policy (NDP). The 16 NEP was designed to eradicate poverty and advance the economic position of Bumiputras (sons of the soil, mainly Malays but also other indigenous groups). The NDP, implemented in 11 after the expiry of the NEP, incorporated most of the elements of the NEP, but placed greater emphasis on developing Bumiputra entrepreneurial skills. The NVP largely incorporates and updates these objectives. While the Governments target of 0 per cent Bumiputra ownership of capital has not been achieved, there has been a very significant shift in the balance of ownership, coinciding with the emergence of an influential new class of Bumiputra entrepreneurs. (www.dfat.gov)
Foreign Trade and Investment
Trade Policy regime
Malaysia has been a strong exponent of trade liberalisation and a supporter of the multilateral trading system. Malaysia participates actively in regional economic arrangements, including the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and APEC. Malaysia is also an active member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
In the AFTA context, Malaysia places a high priority on the early implementation of the common effective preferential tariff (CEPT) scheme which provides for concessional tariffs on intra-ASEAN trade. However, Malaysia continues to offer significant protection for its national automotive industry. In 000, Malaysia won a concession from other AFTA members for the non-application of AFTA to its automotive industry until 005. Malaysian market access for foreign service providers remains limited in the financial and professional services sectors. (www.dfat.gov)
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
Foreign Investment
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a large part in Malaysias development. FDI grew significantly throughout the 180s, averaging about 5 per cent of GDP. At its peak in 1 and 1, FDI accounted for 8.7 per cent of GDP. The bulk of FDI during the early to mid 10s flowed into the manufacturing sector (65 per cent), oil and gas (18 per cent), services (10 per cent) and property (7 per cent). However, FDI inflows have since slowed, falling to RM14.4 billion (4. per cent of GDP) in 000.
In recent years, strong competition from the labour-rich emerging markets of India and china and labour supply constraints have led to escalating pressure on wages in Malaysia. The government has sought to channel investment into high technology, capital-intensive manufacturing operations. The ultimate goal is to sustain increasing wage costs by managing the transition of the Malaysian manufacturing base from labour to capital-intensive that generates a higher level of value-added per employee. (www.dfat.gov)
Supportive Government Policies
Government policies that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profits have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia is encouraged to become partners with the public sector in achieving the nations’s development objectives.
A major factor that has attracted investors to Malaysia is the government’s commitment to maintain a business envirnoment that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits. This commitment is seen in the government’s constant efforts to obtain feedback from the business community through channels of consultation such as regular government-private sector dialogues. These allow the various business communities to air their view and to contribute towards the formulation of government policies, which concern them.. (www.combinet.net)
Liberal Equity Policy
Generally, foreign investors in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector can hold 100% equity in projects, which exports atleast 80% of their production. However , currently, for projects applications received until 1 december 00, foreign investors can hold 100% equity irrespective of their level of exports, with the exception of certain products/activities where Malaysian SMIs have the capabilities. (www.combinet.net)
Employment of Expatriates
Foreign companies are allowed to employ expatriates in cases where certain skills are still lacking in Malaysia. A company with foreign paid-up capital of US$ million or more will be allowed five expatriate posts, including key posts, that is, posts that are permanently filled by foreigners. (www.combinet.net)
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
Attractive Tax Incentives
Malaysia’s company tax rate is attractive at 8% and is applicable to both resident and non-resident companies. Malaysia also offers a wide range of tax incentives for manufacturing projects under the Promotion of Investment Act 186 and the Income Tax Act 167. the main incentives are the Pioneer Status, Investment Tax Allowance, Reinvestment Allowance, Incentives for High Technology Industries and Incentives for Strategic Projects. (www.combinet.net)
Work Force
Malaysia offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at very competitive costs. Malaysia’s literacy rates are high at % and school leavers entering the job market have at least 11 years of basic education. Malaysia offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at costs competitive with ither countries in Asia. Backed by the government’s continued support of human resource development in all sectors, the quality of Malaysia’s workforce is one of the best in the region. In addition , labor productivity has grown steadly at more than 5% per annum over the last few years. (www.capstrans.com)
High Priority on Education
Education is accorded high priority in development with about 15% of total public development expenditure allocated for this purpose under Malaysia’s five-year development plans.
There are nine public universities, six private universities, about 600 government and private colleges, and several polytechnics and industrail training institutes which offer courses leading to certificate, diploma, degree and post-degree qualifications. Total enrolment in public institutions of higher learing alone is projected to reach over 50,000 this year, with more than half in the science and technical disciplines.
The private sector has also set up educational institutions to supplement the government’s efforts to generate a larger pool of professional and semi-professionals. Among these are institutions of higher learning set up by large corporations such as Telekom Malaysia Berhad, Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Petronas, which provide degree-level courses. Various private colleges in Malaysia offer degree programs on a twinning basis with overseas institutions of higher learing, while foreign universities have set up branch campuses in the country. (www.capstrans.com)
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
Industrial Training
In 1, the Human Resource Development Fund (HRDF) was launched by the government to encourage training, retraining and skills upgrading in the private sector. Manufacturers who contribute to this fund will be eligible to apply for grants to defray or subsidize costs incurred in training their workers.
The National Vocational Training Council under the Ministry of Human Resources coordinates the plainning and development of a comprehensive system of vocational and industrial training programs for all public training agencies. It also develops the National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) on a continuous basis. To-date there are more than 450 NOSS covering basic, intermediate and advanced taining levels.
Besides the increasing number of Training institutions such as techincal schools, polytechnics, industrial training institutes and skills development centers, to meet the growing requirements of the industrail sector, collaborative efforts between the Malaysian government, enterprises and foreign governments have resulted in the establishment of several advanced skills training institutes such as the German-Malaysian institute, Malaysia France Institute, Japan Malaysia Technical Instiute and Bristish Malaysia Instiute. (www.capstrans.com)
Industrail Relations
Industrail relations in the country are harmonious with minimal trade disputes. Malaysia’s Labor laws safeguard the interests and spell out the rights and responsibilities of employers and employees, thus providing a legal framework for the orderely conduct of industrail relations in the country. (www.capstrans.com)
Infrastructure
Network of Highways
Malaysia has one of the finest road systems in Asia covering 6,445 km. The 848 km expressway links major industrial areas and urban centers of the country. The East-West Highway serves as part of the Asian Highway System linking Thailand with Malaysia. The development of road infrastructure and the Network of highways gave a boost in the income levels. In 1, there were 5.4 million motor vehicles of which 8.6% were motorcars, 54.8% motorcycles and 6.6% goods vehicles. This increased by 50.5% to reach 8.1 million motor vehicles in 17, with motorcycles accounting for 5% of the total, followed by motorcars 40% and goods vehicles 7%. The number of motor vehicles per 100 populations, which is an indicator of the quality of life of the population, increased from 7.6 in 1 to 7.6 in 17. In 1 there was a 6.5 million rail passenger traffic, which by 17 reduced to 5.4 million. How ever there was an increase in air passenger from .8 million in 1 to 0.5 million in 17. (www.northport.com)
http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
http//www.capstrans.edu.au/apec_report/_Malaysia.html
Efficient Seaport
The international trade in Malaysia is a sea borne trade. 5 % of the countries trade is by the seven international ports � Penang Port, port clang, Johor port, port of tanjung pelepas, kuantanport, and kemaman port in peninsular Malaysia and Bintulu port in Sarawak.
THE cargo arm of Malaysia Airlines has introduced a three-letter code for seven seaports around the country to enhance efficiency in the movement of the goods. The ports involved in the procedure are Kuching, Kuantan, Penang, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), Bintulu, Kota Kinabalu and Pasir Gudang. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) as a point of origin recognizes the three-letter code, which displays the abbreviated port of destination on e-way bills. Currently, it is only implemented in Port Klang under the abbreviated name of XPQ. With the confirmation, the seven ports will join Port Klang as a known destination for forwarders in the air and shipping industries. “Kuantan Port is well-known for being a chemical hub in the region. If they were to be a point of destination, it will open up many possibilities for the country. Malaysia may well be the point of origin for all sea-air links in Asean,” Malaysia Airlines senior general manager (cargo) Ong Jyh Jong. (www.northport.com)
International Airports
Malaysia has five International airports, including those at Kuala Lumpur, George Town and Kota Kinabalu and Sepang along with 15 Domestic airports and STOL Ports. Recognized as leader in multisystem integration Malaysian airport Technologies focus on quality has been unwavering. (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)
Projects under the 8th Malaysia Plan are as follows
Project Status Completion
New Tawau Airport, Sabah Completed 1 May 001
New Bintulu Airport, Sarawak In Progress September 00
New Limbang Airport, Sarawak In Progress May 00
Upgrading of Sibu Airport, Sarawak Planned -
Upgrading of Miri Airport, Sarawak Planned -
Upgrading of Alor Setar Airport, Kedah Planned -
Upgrading of Rural Airstrips - BaKelalan, Long Seridan, Long Lelang, Long Banga, Sarawak Completed 001
Perlis Air Strip (Microflight Aircraft) Planned -
Source http//www.mot.gov.my/english/Division.asp?div=100
High Tech Telecommunication
Malaysia has one of the most modern telecommunication systems in the Southeast Asia. Apart from the telephone service the department provides Telegraph and Telex services and facilitates communication for Broadcasting, civil Aviation, Police, Customs and fisheries. The telecommunication system is supported by microwave trunk telephone network linking all the cities. Communication between Peninsula Malaysia and Sabah and Sarawak are via satellite and the troposcatter system and by submarine cable enabling the operation of nationwide Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) and the expansion of television broadcasting services throughout the country.
Introduction of Industrial Parks
Industries in Malaysia are spread over 00 industrial estates or parks and 14 Free Industrial Zones (FIZs), which are developed throughout the country. These sites are fully equipped with infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity and water supplies, and telecommunications, are continuously being developed by state governments as well as private developers to meet demand.
FIZs are export-processing zones, which have been designed to cater to the needs of export-oriented industries basically for manufacturing and trading establishments that export 80 to 100 percent of their products. Companies in FIZs are allowed duty free imports of raw materials, components, parts, machinery and equipment directly required in the manufacturing process, as well as in the export of their finished products. In areas where FIZs are not available, companies can set up Licensed Manufacturing Warehouses (LMWs), which are accorded facilities similar to those enjoyed by establishments in FIZs. (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)
Introduction of Specialized parks
Malaysia has developed specialized parks to cater to the needs of specific industries. Such as the Technology Park Malaysia in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur and the Kulim Hi-Tech Park in the northern state of Kedah which cater to technology-intensive industries and R&D activities. The sprawling 1,450-hectare (,580-acre) Kulim Hi-Tech Park is the countrys first fully integrated high technology industrial park. The parks master plan emphasizes on quality of life in a self-contained environment, which incorporates industries, R&D facilities, and a new township with full amenities such as a shopping center, a hospital, educational institutions and recreational facilities. The first phase of its industrial zone covering 50 hectares (60 acres) has been fully leased, and tenants have started moving into the second phase. According to Kulim Technology Park Corporation (KTPC), the developer and manager of the park, a total investment attracted to the park has exceeded RM14 billion (US$.7 billion). (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)
http//ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com/profitcentre/infrastructure.html#Airports
Business Environment
Malaysia has a mixed economy, comprising of an active private sector of multinational and indigenous businesses and a public sector with extensive involvement in business. The private sector in Malaysia is expected to play a dominant role in the country’s economy and in assisting the country to achieve the status of an industrialized nation by the year 00.
A market oriented economy and government policies that provide business with the opportunity for growth and profits have made Malaysia a highly competitive manufacturing and export base. The biggest advantage of Malaysia is the pool on young, educated trainable workforce. The use of English in Malaysia facilitates your communication with local personnel and suppliers. The country practices the British accounting system, which is acceptable to most international companies.
Framework of the Industry
The industry falls into three broad categories.
1. Indigenous small business, which are once largely concentrated in light industry as well as in wholesale and retail distribution and trading, have successfully moved towards small and medium scale industries (SMIs) through the governments umbrella strategy.
. Large Malaysian corporations, many of which are listed on Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The shareholders in these companies are largely institutional, with significant proportions held by government trust agencies.
. Local operations of multinationals, most of which are majority owned by their foreign parent corporation.
Chamber of commerce and industry
Newcomers to Malaysia’s business environment will feel at home with presence of various chambers of commerce and trade associations made up of investors from different countries. These organizations are invaluable sources for general business information, advice assistance, and compliment the role of government agencies. The major ones are
1. The Malaysian international chamber of commerce and Industry. (MICCI)
. Federation of Malaysian manufacturers (FMM)
. The Japanese chamber of trade and industry (JACTIM)
4. American � Malaysian chamber of commerce (AMCHAM)
Besides several trade associations such as the Malaysian � American electronics industry (MAEI) Group.
Banking and Finance
A well-developed financial and banking sector has enhanced Malaysia’s position as a dynamic export base in Asia. Sophisticated financial facilities are available through domestic and foreign commercial Banks. There are 7 licensed commercial banks in operation. Other financial institutions include merchant banks, retail finance and leasing companies, discount houses, development finance houses and the agricultural bank. The country’s law restricts ownership of banks and financial institutions.
Islamic Banking
As an alternative system, Malaysia offers Islamic banking, which is based on the concept of profit sharing as opposed to the use of interest in the conventional banking system. commercial banks, 18 finance companies and merchant banks were given approval for interest free banking in the year 14.
The central bank has embarked on a plan to develop Malaysia as a regional Islamic financial center. It has formed a consultative committee on Islamic banking in January 16 to serve as a think-tank group to develop strategies and proposals to map out the future directions on Islamic banking.
Specialized Financial Institutions
Malaysia has 40 finance companies, operating through 860 offices, which accepts retail deposits and provide financing for installments (Hire � Purchase) and leasing transactions and housing loans. 156 registered leasing companies serving mainly the industrial sector supplement the services of finance companies.
Source Doing Business In Malaysia � The price water house in Malaysia 16
Joint Ventures Partnerships and sole proprietorships
In addition to business activities conducted by companies, business may be carried on in Malaysia by a partnership or sole proprietorship. A partnership may consist of individuals or companies or a combination of both, but no more than 0 partners if it carries on a business for gain. An exception is made for partnerships in certain professions that have been specifically proclaimed to be excluded from the rule of membership limit. Partnership or sole proprietorship may be registered under the business registration act. Foreign investments do not commonly take for of sole proprietorships.
There is no specific statute that regulates joint ventures or defines the rights and obligations of the parties to the venture. A joint venture can take the form of a partnership, or it may be incorporated.
Restrictions On Foreign Investment
Malaysia recognizes its lack of experience and know-how in many fields of industrial endeavor and the valuable contribution that can be made in economic and industrial development by foreign industrialists. How ever the need for foreign technology and capital must be balanced against the ownership targets of the national development plan. In 11 the NDP replaced the New Economic Policy (NEP), sets out the guidelines and objectives of the governments policies on t he distribution of ownership and participation in the commercial and industrial sectors. The industrial act 175 requires all manufacturing companies to apply to the Malaysian industrial Development Authority (MIDA), an agency of Ministry Of International Trade and Industry, for permission to commerce or expand operations.
This act sets provides for the issue of manufacturing licenses, sets out conditions for BUMIPUTRA and other Malaysian participants.
Some of the conditions are
1. No equity will be imposed on companies that will export 80 percent or more of their production.
. For projects exporting between 51 and 7 percent of their production, foreign equity ownership of 7 percent may be allowed.
. For projects exporting between 0 and 50 percent of their production, foreign equity ownership between 0 to 50 percent will be allowed.
4. Projects less than 0 percent of their production, foreign equity of ownership 0 percent will be allowed.
Quality of life in Malaysia
Malaysia is one of the most friendly and hospitable countries in the world to live in and do business or work. Foreigners coming to this country to do business will not only have hospitable conditions for business, but also can enjoy the modern day facilities like very good living conditions, state of art healthcare and medical conditions, world class educational institutions, and also un surpassing recreational and sports facilities. The cost of such facilities in country like Malaysia is far less than in any of the western country or developed countries. The country is generally warm throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 1° to ° Celsius in the lowlands. This can however be as low as 16° Celsius in the highlands. (geographia.com/Malaysia)
Malaysia reflects different cultural traditions, including those of China, India, the Middle East, Europe, and the entire Malay Archipelago. Early Malay empires absorbed Indian influences, such as Hindu epics and the Sanskrit language. The kingdom of Malacca, centered in the present-day state of Melaka, developed as an Islamic state, or sultanate, in the 1400s. Later, new cultural influences from Europe and China mixed with Hindu and Islamic traditions.
A collective but distinctively Malay cultural pattern has emerged out of all these influences, with artistic expressions in literature, music, dance, and art forms. With such a mix of cultures, most Malaysians can speak two to three languages. Their mother tongue, Malay being the national language is spoken by almost everyone, and English (Mapzones.com).
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/
Housing
There are several options for living in Malaysia - bungalows or freestanding homes, condominiums (apartments with extra facilities) and apartments (usually with limited facilities). Recently built condominiums in good areas include most of the following - pool, gym, lifts, 4-hour security service, adequate parking, convenience store and landscape gardens. Kuala Lumpur is no different from any other city in the world; location and facilities are all important. There are few natural attractions that make certain areas better for living - being inland, for example, there are no beach-side locations near to the city. The dress circle areas therefore tend to be based upon location with proximity to the CBD, all-important. Other popular upmarket suburbs have long been established and are very well equipped with plenty of amenities. Some indication of monthly rents in Kuala Lumpur. Modern, three-bedroom condominium, ,100 sq. feet in Bangsar - RM7, 500 and a two-bedroom condominium, 1,00 sq. feet in Bangsar - RM, 000. Semi-detached house in central area, RM4,000 to RM6,000 and detached house, central location and pool - RM,000 to RM15,000. By international standards, Malaysian housing is cheap. (expatkl.com)
Education
Education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16, and an additional two years of free education are optional. In 17, 101 percent of Malaysian children attended primary school. Parents may choose between Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, or Tamil as the language of instruction for their primary-school children. Bahasa Malaysia is the primary language of instruction in all secondary schools, although continued learning in Chinese and Tamil is available and English is a compulsory second language. Enrollment in secondary education was 64 percent in 17. Malaysia has a number of institutions of higher education, including nine universities.
Universities include the National University, in Bangi; the University of Technology, in Johor Baharu; and the University of Malaya, in Kuala Lumpur. Local school curricula are taught in Bahasa Malaysia (national language), Chinese, English or Tamil. There are international schools that use British, Japanese, Indonesian, American, Australian and French curricula. International schools come with a cost but the standards and facilities are high. The International schools are located in Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, and labuana. (Mapzones.com, expatkl.com)
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/cultureindex.php
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/educationindex.php
http//www.expatkl.com/housing1.php
http//www.expatkl.com/education.php
Shopping
Malaysia is a shopper’s paradise. There is a wide range of shopping establishments and modern air-conditioned shopping malls, department stores, handicraft centers, bazaars and night markets. Night markets or pasar malam begin their trading activities in the late afternoon. These open-air markets feature hawker stalls that sell a variety of local produce, foodstuff, clothing, traditional medicine vendors and cakes. Bargaining is a common practice. Bukit Bintang area is the oldest shopping center. This place has local and international goods such as clothes, fashion accessories, footwear, sports goods, electrical equipment, pharmaceutical products, computers and furniture.
Exploring Malaysias outdoor markets is pure adventure (and of course one can take home whatever they hunt - or bargain - down). The variety of bargain items that can be found in the major markets is endless, ranging from quality electronics to blowguns to traditional arts and crafts. Currently, the dollar goes a long way in Malaysia. (planetgypsy.com, geographia.com)
Lifestyle
Life in Malaysia is adventure. It offers an exceptional lifestyle especially for the people who love the outdoors. You can spend many exciting weekends at some of the beautiful places in Malaysia. There are clubs for almost any interest i.e. yachting and martial arts; and most daily newspapers often list the clubs and contact numbers for their activities. Most large national groups of expats have associations. Membership for expats are also offered by exclusive where they are assured of basic amenities like swimming pool, tennis / squash / badminton courts, pool tables, and some have their own golf courses or are at least affiliated to one. Because of its myriad cultural influences, Malaysia is renown for its creative, complex, and lovingly prepared original cuisine. Food is taken very seriously here, from the five-star restaurants right down to the hawkers booths. Sauces tend to be highly developed, often incorporating local fruits and spices, and the seafood dishes are what youd expect from a country almost entirely surrounded by ocean. (geographia.com, planetgypsy.com)
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/shopping.html
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/cuisine.html
Risk Factors
Short-term risk event
The growing influences of conservative Islam in Malaysia risks undermining the country’s image abroad as a progressive Islamic state as well as constraining domestic economic development. (home.aigonline.com)
Political risk
The delayed departure of the Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, from politics is proving destabilizing. Although Abdullah Badawi, the deputy president, has been appointed as his successor, uncertainty about policy continuity and speculation about the changing locus of political power will persist. (home.aigonline.com)
Economic outlook
The economy in 00-04 will expand more rapidly than in 00, when growth was an estimated .8%. A fiscal stimulus package is expected to help offset soft domestic and external demand in the early part of the year. The current account will remain in healthy surplus; foreign-exchange reserves will continue to rise. The currency is expected to remain pegged to the US dollar, although the Economist Intelligence Unit expects a shift away from the peg in late-004 as the US currency strengthens. (home.aigonline.com)
Debt outlook
The government will accumulate more foreign debt to finance its fiscal stimulus package, but debt servicing will remain manageable. (home.aigonline.com)
Policy Issues
Following the Asian economic and financial crisis in mid-17, the government abandoned its tight monetary and fiscal policies and adopted an expansionary strategy to revive the economy. On September 1st 18 the government introduced wide-ranging capital controls to gain greater flexibility in lowering interest rates, and pegged the ringgit at M$.80US$1. Since February 1 the government has eased most of these controls. The stimulative fiscal and monetary stance has remained basically unchanged since the 17-8 crisis. The government remains committed to the fixed exchange rate, and the weakness of the US currency has eased pressure for an adjustment of the peg. (home.aigonline.com)
http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,157,00.html
Conclusion
Malaysia’s success in attracting the foreign investment in capital-intensive, technology, and knowledge-based projects is the result of many factors. Malaysia with excellent Infrastructure, educated and efficient work force and retaining long-term policies and incentives that provide the confidence to businessmen that their millions of ringgit worth of investments would not be wasted due to change of policies after a change in government.
Malaysia’s location also makes it a logical choice for foreign corporations seeking to establish operational headquarters in the ASIAN region.
Appendix
Key Economic Indicators
1 000 001
Population .7 million . million 4.4 million
GDP RM1.8billion RM0.billion RM10 billion
GDP growth rate 5.8% 8.5% 0.%
Per capita income US$,8 US$,516 US$,000
Inflation rate .8% 1.6% 1.5%
Labor force . million .6 million . million
Unemployment rate .4% .1% .7%
Total exports f.o.b US$ 8.billion 8.1billion 4.4billion
Total imports f.o.b US$ 61.billion 77.billion 76.billion
Major Export’s electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals
Major Import’s electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel and iron and steel products, chemicals
Source cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, Bank Negara Malaysia Annual report 000.
References
WWW.planegypsy.com
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/history.html
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/shopping.html
WWW.dfat.gov
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
WWW.combinet.net
http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
WWW.capstrans.edu
http//www.capstrans.edu.au/apec_report/_Malaysia.html
WWW.cia.gov
http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/my.htm
WWW.georaphia.com
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/cuisine.html
WWW.mapzones.com
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/cultureindex.php
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/educationindex.php
WWW.expatkl.com
http//www.expatkl.com/children.php
http//www.expatkl.com/housing1.php
http//www.expatkl.com/education.php
WWW.home.aigonline.com
http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,157,00.html
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Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the investment and business opportunities in Malaysia. We will do this by analyzing Malaysia’s economic factors and indicators. As a country inherited elements of democracy from its previous colonizers and its experience of gaining independence, Malaysia could be seen as one of the few Islamic majority democracies, and one of the few highly successful Islamic states. Currently around 4000 foreign companies are operating in Malaysia. Many of these companies have expanded and diversified their operations over the years, reflecting their continued confidence in Malaysia.
Summary
After analyzing the economic conditions and investing opportunities in Malaysia we came to the conclusion that, Malaysia’s with its favorable investment environment which includes such factors as political and social stability, supportive government policies, available and qualified labor, competitive cost structures, excellent infrastructure, quality of life, and a generally good standard of living, has been successful in attracting direct foreign investment and will continue to do so.
History
Malaysia was first mentioned in Chinese and Sanskrit records of the 7th and 8th centuries. In subsequent centuries the area was under the influence and loose control of various Thai and Indonesian empires, including the great Sumatra-based civilization of Sri Vijaya.
The city of Malacca, founded by a Sumatran prince at the beginning of the 15th century, became the center of an Islamic empire and was to remain the primary trading post between India and China for more than 00 years.
In 1511, the control of Malacca went to the spice-trading Portuguese. In 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese and ruled for 154 years. They used imported Dutch stone to construct distinctive pink buildings, many of which still stand.
The British established a thriving port in Penang in 1786 and took over Malacca in 175. The British, discovered tin, and moved inland. Kuala Lumpur, was founded at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers in 1864. The British began building colonial-style structures and made it the capital of the Protected Malay States.
Malay nationalism and desire for self-rule was felt around the 10s. A call for independence was made but the move was halted by the Second World War. Later, the movement resumed and independence was declared on the 1st of August 157.
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
In 16, Malaysia was formed, bringing together the states of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Singapore, however, left the federation in 165.
Today, Malaysia is a strong participant of the six-member Association of South-East Asian Nations -ASEAN-. This association, comprising Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore, was formed to promote regional growth and cooperation among member nations. Malaysia has since been prosperous and generally peaceful from 165. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Geography
Rightly known as a tropical paradise, Malaysia is situated 7 degrees north of the Equator in the heart of Southeast Asia. Malaysia covers an area of about 0,071 sq.km., occupying the Malay Peninsular and the states of Sabah and Sarawak in the north-western coastal area of Borneo island. The two regions are separated by about 51.1 km of the South China Sea. Peninsular Malaysia, covering 11,587.67 sq.km, has its frontiers with Thailand while East Malaysia, which consists Sabah and Sarawak, about 18,847.4 sq.km, border the territory of Indonesias Kalimantan. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Climate
Malaysia is the classic example of a wet tropical zone- hot and humid all through the year, with the temperature ranging between 1º C and ºC, and the humidity usually touching around 0%. As in all of South East Asia, the monsoons are an important feature of the climate- Malaysia has two monsoons, one in August-September and the other between November and February. The time to see turtles on the east coast is between May and September. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Religion
The different types of religion in Malaysia reflect the variety of races living there. Islam is the official religion but Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity and other religions are practiced freely. Islam is practiced predominantly by the Malays. Most of the Chinese believe in Buddhism and Taoism but others are Christians. Hinduism is mostly practiced by the regions Indian population. Many indigenous people have converted to Christianity but others still practiced animism. (www.planetgypsy.com)
Language
The national language in Malaysia is Bahasa Malaysia. English, Tamil, Chinese (in its different dialects- Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan and Foochow), Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi are the other languages spoken by different ethnic groups. In addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the main ones being Iban and Kadazan. English is widely spoken by the business community. Mandarin and Tamil are taught concurrently with Bahasa Malaysia and English in schools. (www.planetgypsy.com)
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
Political Structure
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a bicameral federal legislature and unicameral state legislatures. Nine of the 1 states have hereditary rulers (eight Sultans and one Rajah) who share the position of King (Agong) on a five-year rotating basis. The Kings functions are purely ceremonial since constitutional amendments in 1 and 14.
The governing Barisan Nasional (National Front) coalition comprises the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Gerakan - a Chinese-based party, and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), plus a number of other parties including some based in Sabah and Sarawak. This coalition, in which UMNO is the dominant voice, has been in power in one form or another since the first elected government in 155. At the November 1 general election, the governing coalition was returned to power with its two thirds majority intact. The four national opposition parties formed a loose coalition, Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front), and increased the number of opposition seats in federal parliament. The next federal election is due to be held by 004. (www.dfat.gov)
Economy
General
Malaysia is an export-oriented economy. In the past 5 years, it has developed rapidly from an agriculture-based economy to one dominated by intermediate manufacturing. Manufactures now account for about 8 per cent of exports, of which about 70 per cent are electrical and electronic products. Chemical and wood products make up the bulk of the remaining manufactured exports. Malaysia is also the worlds leading exporter of palm oil.
Malaysias strong economic performance in the 180s and most of the 10s was built on careful economic planning and management. The government has sought to divest itself of direct ownership in industry, and in the early 10s undertook an ambitious privatisation program. As a result of these reforms, Malaysia enjoyed strong inflows of foreign direct investment in the decade before the Asian economic crisis, further enhancing its industrialisation process. The government � directly, and indirectly through its agencies � still has significant interests in the top 10 listed companies on the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange. The Asian financial crisis impacted greatly on the Malaysian economy. Growth fell sharply and unemployment rose significantly. The government adopted a range of policy responses, including capital controls and the pegging of the ringgit at RM.80 to the US dollar. Non-performing loans worth nearly RM50 billion have been restructured since 18, and the government has injected new funds into the ailing banking industry. The Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee has overseen the successful restructuring of a further RM44 billion in non-performing loans. (www.dfat.gov)
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
Recent Economic Performance
The Asian financial crisis followed a decade of high growth in Malaysia. Between 1 and 17, Malaysia sustained growth of around per cent per annum, with per capita income rising to among the highest in the region. In 18, the economy contracted by 7.4 per cent. From 1, capital control measures - introduced at the height of the economic crisis - were progressively eased in recognition of the need to restore foreign investor confidence. The RM/USD peg remains in place, but other capital control measures have now been abolished.
Malaysias economy recovered strongly in 1, achieving growth of 5.6 per cent. The turnaround was propelled largely by burgeoning exports and public sector spending. The economy grew by over 8 percent in 000 but slowed to 0.4 per cent growth in 001, reflecting weaker global economic conditions and decreased demand for exports in Malaysias key america and asian export markets. (www.dfat.gov)
The governments upward revision in September 00 of its 00 growth estimate (from .5 per cent to between four and five percent) proved accurate, with Malaysia recording a 4. per cent expansion on the back of growth in private consumption and positive export performance. Private consumption overtook manufacturing production as the main contributor to growth, expanding by 4.5% in 00. Analysts suggest that the upward trend in the Malaysian economy is based upon a number of favourable factors, including relatively low interest rates, rising incomes in the public and private sectors, greater access to credit and the governments expansionary fiscal policy.
Source Consensus Economics (March 00)
In 00, exports expanded by about 6%, while imports grew at 8.% in line with stronger domestic demand. The trade account maintained a sizeable surplus of RM50. billion in 00, slightly down from RM54.1 billion in 001.
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
The 00 budget (released in September 00) forecast growth of 6 to 6.5 per cent for 00, assuming export growth of 10.5 per cent. Recent forecasts are less optimistic, owing to the current slowdown in electronic shipments to the US. Consensus Economics forecasts growth of 4.8 per cent for 00. The 00 budget continues the inclination towards fiscal deficits since the 17 economic crisis. Government consumption and increased spending - particularly in the construction sector - have been crucial to ensuring positive growth in recent years. The government is targeting a fiscal deficit of . per cent of GDP for 00 and aims to achieve a balanced budget by 005. This target may prove difficult to realise in light of the softening US economy and the knock-on effects of military conflict in the Gulf. (www.dfat.gov)
Economic Policy
Since the early 10s, Prime Minister Mahathirs 00 Vision has underpinned Malaysias aspirations for economic development. The 00 Vision strives for an eightfold increase in GDP and achievement of “industrialised country” status by the year 00. The policy sets privatisation as a cornerstone of national development, whilst retaining an emphasis on foreign investment to sustain industrialisation.
The National Vision Policy (NVP), implemented in 001, replaces the New Economic Policy (NEP) (introduced in 16), and its successor, the National Development Policy (NDP). The 16 NEP was designed to eradicate poverty and advance the economic position of Bumiputras (sons of the soil, mainly Malays but also other indigenous groups). The NDP, implemented in 11 after the expiry of the NEP, incorporated most of the elements of the NEP, but placed greater emphasis on developing Bumiputra entrepreneurial skills. The NVP largely incorporates and updates these objectives. While the Governments target of 0 per cent Bumiputra ownership of capital has not been achieved, there has been a very significant shift in the balance of ownership, coinciding with the emergence of an influential new class of Bumiputra entrepreneurs. (www.dfat.gov)
Foreign Trade and Investment
Trade Policy regime
Malaysia has been a strong exponent of trade liberalisation and a supporter of the multilateral trading system. Malaysia participates actively in regional economic arrangements, including the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and APEC. Malaysia is also an active member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
In the AFTA context, Malaysia places a high priority on the early implementation of the common effective preferential tariff (CEPT) scheme which provides for concessional tariffs on intra-ASEAN trade. However, Malaysia continues to offer significant protection for its national automotive industry. In 000, Malaysia won a concession from other AFTA members for the non-application of AFTA to its automotive industry until 005. Malaysian market access for foreign service providers remains limited in the financial and professional services sectors. (www.dfat.gov)
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
Foreign Investment
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a large part in Malaysias development. FDI grew significantly throughout the 180s, averaging about 5 per cent of GDP. At its peak in 1 and 1, FDI accounted for 8.7 per cent of GDP. The bulk of FDI during the early to mid 10s flowed into the manufacturing sector (65 per cent), oil and gas (18 per cent), services (10 per cent) and property (7 per cent). However, FDI inflows have since slowed, falling to RM14.4 billion (4. per cent of GDP) in 000.
In recent years, strong competition from the labour-rich emerging markets of India and china and labour supply constraints have led to escalating pressure on wages in Malaysia. The government has sought to channel investment into high technology, capital-intensive manufacturing operations. The ultimate goal is to sustain increasing wage costs by managing the transition of the Malaysian manufacturing base from labour to capital-intensive that generates a higher level of value-added per employee. (www.dfat.gov)
Supportive Government Policies
Government policies that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profits have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia is encouraged to become partners with the public sector in achieving the nations’s development objectives.
A major factor that has attracted investors to Malaysia is the government’s commitment to maintain a business envirnoment that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits. This commitment is seen in the government’s constant efforts to obtain feedback from the business community through channels of consultation such as regular government-private sector dialogues. These allow the various business communities to air their view and to contribute towards the formulation of government policies, which concern them.. (www.combinet.net)
Liberal Equity Policy
Generally, foreign investors in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector can hold 100% equity in projects, which exports atleast 80% of their production. However , currently, for projects applications received until 1 december 00, foreign investors can hold 100% equity irrespective of their level of exports, with the exception of certain products/activities where Malaysian SMIs have the capabilities. (www.combinet.net)
Employment of Expatriates
Foreign companies are allowed to employ expatriates in cases where certain skills are still lacking in Malaysia. A company with foreign paid-up capital of US$ million or more will be allowed five expatriate posts, including key posts, that is, posts that are permanently filled by foreigners. (www.combinet.net)
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
Attractive Tax Incentives
Malaysia’s company tax rate is attractive at 8% and is applicable to both resident and non-resident companies. Malaysia also offers a wide range of tax incentives for manufacturing projects under the Promotion of Investment Act 186 and the Income Tax Act 167. the main incentives are the Pioneer Status, Investment Tax Allowance, Reinvestment Allowance, Incentives for High Technology Industries and Incentives for Strategic Projects. (www.combinet.net)
Work Force
Malaysia offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at very competitive costs. Malaysia’s literacy rates are high at % and school leavers entering the job market have at least 11 years of basic education. Malaysia offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at costs competitive with ither countries in Asia. Backed by the government’s continued support of human resource development in all sectors, the quality of Malaysia’s workforce is one of the best in the region. In addition , labor productivity has grown steadly at more than 5% per annum over the last few years. (www.capstrans.com)
High Priority on Education
Education is accorded high priority in development with about 15% of total public development expenditure allocated for this purpose under Malaysia’s five-year development plans.
There are nine public universities, six private universities, about 600 government and private colleges, and several polytechnics and industrail training institutes which offer courses leading to certificate, diploma, degree and post-degree qualifications. Total enrolment in public institutions of higher learing alone is projected to reach over 50,000 this year, with more than half in the science and technical disciplines.
The private sector has also set up educational institutions to supplement the government’s efforts to generate a larger pool of professional and semi-professionals. Among these are institutions of higher learning set up by large corporations such as Telekom Malaysia Berhad, Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Petronas, which provide degree-level courses. Various private colleges in Malaysia offer degree programs on a twinning basis with overseas institutions of higher learing, while foreign universities have set up branch campuses in the country. (www.capstrans.com)
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
Industrial Training
In 1, the Human Resource Development Fund (HRDF) was launched by the government to encourage training, retraining and skills upgrading in the private sector. Manufacturers who contribute to this fund will be eligible to apply for grants to defray or subsidize costs incurred in training their workers.
The National Vocational Training Council under the Ministry of Human Resources coordinates the plainning and development of a comprehensive system of vocational and industrial training programs for all public training agencies. It also develops the National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) on a continuous basis. To-date there are more than 450 NOSS covering basic, intermediate and advanced taining levels.
Besides the increasing number of Training institutions such as techincal schools, polytechnics, industrial training institutes and skills development centers, to meet the growing requirements of the industrail sector, collaborative efforts between the Malaysian government, enterprises and foreign governments have resulted in the establishment of several advanced skills training institutes such as the German-Malaysian institute, Malaysia France Institute, Japan Malaysia Technical Instiute and Bristish Malaysia Instiute. (www.capstrans.com)
Industrail Relations
Industrail relations in the country are harmonious with minimal trade disputes. Malaysia’s Labor laws safeguard the interests and spell out the rights and responsibilities of employers and employees, thus providing a legal framework for the orderely conduct of industrail relations in the country. (www.capstrans.com)
Infrastructure
Network of Highways
Malaysia has one of the finest road systems in Asia covering 6,445 km. The 848 km expressway links major industrial areas and urban centers of the country. The East-West Highway serves as part of the Asian Highway System linking Thailand with Malaysia. The development of road infrastructure and the Network of highways gave a boost in the income levels. In 1, there were 5.4 million motor vehicles of which 8.6% were motorcars, 54.8% motorcycles and 6.6% goods vehicles. This increased by 50.5% to reach 8.1 million motor vehicles in 17, with motorcycles accounting for 5% of the total, followed by motorcars 40% and goods vehicles 7%. The number of motor vehicles per 100 populations, which is an indicator of the quality of life of the population, increased from 7.6 in 1 to 7.6 in 17. In 1 there was a 6.5 million rail passenger traffic, which by 17 reduced to 5.4 million. How ever there was an increase in air passenger from .8 million in 1 to 0.5 million in 17. (www.northport.com)
http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
http//www.capstrans.edu.au/apec_report/_Malaysia.html
Efficient Seaport
The international trade in Malaysia is a sea borne trade. 5 % of the countries trade is by the seven international ports � Penang Port, port clang, Johor port, port of tanjung pelepas, kuantanport, and kemaman port in peninsular Malaysia and Bintulu port in Sarawak.
THE cargo arm of Malaysia Airlines has introduced a three-letter code for seven seaports around the country to enhance efficiency in the movement of the goods. The ports involved in the procedure are Kuching, Kuantan, Penang, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), Bintulu, Kota Kinabalu and Pasir Gudang. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) as a point of origin recognizes the three-letter code, which displays the abbreviated port of destination on e-way bills. Currently, it is only implemented in Port Klang under the abbreviated name of XPQ. With the confirmation, the seven ports will join Port Klang as a known destination for forwarders in the air and shipping industries. “Kuantan Port is well-known for being a chemical hub in the region. If they were to be a point of destination, it will open up many possibilities for the country. Malaysia may well be the point of origin for all sea-air links in Asean,” Malaysia Airlines senior general manager (cargo) Ong Jyh Jong. (www.northport.com)
International Airports
Malaysia has five International airports, including those at Kuala Lumpur, George Town and Kota Kinabalu and Sepang along with 15 Domestic airports and STOL Ports. Recognized as leader in multisystem integration Malaysian airport Technologies focus on quality has been unwavering. (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)
Projects under the 8th Malaysia Plan are as follows
Project Status Completion
New Tawau Airport, Sabah Completed 1 May 001
New Bintulu Airport, Sarawak In Progress September 00
New Limbang Airport, Sarawak In Progress May 00
Upgrading of Sibu Airport, Sarawak Planned -
Upgrading of Miri Airport, Sarawak Planned -
Upgrading of Alor Setar Airport, Kedah Planned -
Upgrading of Rural Airstrips - BaKelalan, Long Seridan, Long Lelang, Long Banga, Sarawak Completed 001
Perlis Air Strip (Microflight Aircraft) Planned -
Source http//www.mot.gov.my/english/Division.asp?div=100
High Tech Telecommunication
Malaysia has one of the most modern telecommunication systems in the Southeast Asia. Apart from the telephone service the department provides Telegraph and Telex services and facilitates communication for Broadcasting, civil Aviation, Police, Customs and fisheries. The telecommunication system is supported by microwave trunk telephone network linking all the cities. Communication between Peninsula Malaysia and Sabah and Sarawak are via satellite and the troposcatter system and by submarine cable enabling the operation of nationwide Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) and the expansion of television broadcasting services throughout the country.
Introduction of Industrial Parks
Industries in Malaysia are spread over 00 industrial estates or parks and 14 Free Industrial Zones (FIZs), which are developed throughout the country. These sites are fully equipped with infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity and water supplies, and telecommunications, are continuously being developed by state governments as well as private developers to meet demand.
FIZs are export-processing zones, which have been designed to cater to the needs of export-oriented industries basically for manufacturing and trading establishments that export 80 to 100 percent of their products. Companies in FIZs are allowed duty free imports of raw materials, components, parts, machinery and equipment directly required in the manufacturing process, as well as in the export of their finished products. In areas where FIZs are not available, companies can set up Licensed Manufacturing Warehouses (LMWs), which are accorded facilities similar to those enjoyed by establishments in FIZs. (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)
Introduction of Specialized parks
Malaysia has developed specialized parks to cater to the needs of specific industries. Such as the Technology Park Malaysia in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur and the Kulim Hi-Tech Park in the northern state of Kedah which cater to technology-intensive industries and R&D activities. The sprawling 1,450-hectare (,580-acre) Kulim Hi-Tech Park is the countrys first fully integrated high technology industrial park. The parks master plan emphasizes on quality of life in a self-contained environment, which incorporates industries, R&D facilities, and a new township with full amenities such as a shopping center, a hospital, educational institutions and recreational facilities. The first phase of its industrial zone covering 50 hectares (60 acres) has been fully leased, and tenants have started moving into the second phase. According to Kulim Technology Park Corporation (KTPC), the developer and manager of the park, a total investment attracted to the park has exceeded RM14 billion (US$.7 billion). (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)
http//ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com/profitcentre/infrastructure.html#Airports
Business Environment
Malaysia has a mixed economy, comprising of an active private sector of multinational and indigenous businesses and a public sector with extensive involvement in business. The private sector in Malaysia is expected to play a dominant role in the country’s economy and in assisting the country to achieve the status of an industrialized nation by the year 00.
A market oriented economy and government policies that provide business with the opportunity for growth and profits have made Malaysia a highly competitive manufacturing and export base. The biggest advantage of Malaysia is the pool on young, educated trainable workforce. The use of English in Malaysia facilitates your communication with local personnel and suppliers. The country practices the British accounting system, which is acceptable to most international companies.
Framework of the Industry
The industry falls into three broad categories.
1. Indigenous small business, which are once largely concentrated in light industry as well as in wholesale and retail distribution and trading, have successfully moved towards small and medium scale industries (SMIs) through the governments umbrella strategy.
. Large Malaysian corporations, many of which are listed on Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The shareholders in these companies are largely institutional, with significant proportions held by government trust agencies.
. Local operations of multinationals, most of which are majority owned by their foreign parent corporation.
Chamber of commerce and industry
Newcomers to Malaysia’s business environment will feel at home with presence of various chambers of commerce and trade associations made up of investors from different countries. These organizations are invaluable sources for general business information, advice assistance, and compliment the role of government agencies. The major ones are
1. The Malaysian international chamber of commerce and Industry. (MICCI)
. Federation of Malaysian manufacturers (FMM)
. The Japanese chamber of trade and industry (JACTIM)
4. American � Malaysian chamber of commerce (AMCHAM)
Besides several trade associations such as the Malaysian � American electronics industry (MAEI) Group.
Banking and Finance
A well-developed financial and banking sector has enhanced Malaysia’s position as a dynamic export base in Asia. Sophisticated financial facilities are available through domestic and foreign commercial Banks. There are 7 licensed commercial banks in operation. Other financial institutions include merchant banks, retail finance and leasing companies, discount houses, development finance houses and the agricultural bank. The country’s law restricts ownership of banks and financial institutions.
Islamic Banking
As an alternative system, Malaysia offers Islamic banking, which is based on the concept of profit sharing as opposed to the use of interest in the conventional banking system. commercial banks, 18 finance companies and merchant banks were given approval for interest free banking in the year 14.
The central bank has embarked on a plan to develop Malaysia as a regional Islamic financial center. It has formed a consultative committee on Islamic banking in January 16 to serve as a think-tank group to develop strategies and proposals to map out the future directions on Islamic banking.
Specialized Financial Institutions
Malaysia has 40 finance companies, operating through 860 offices, which accepts retail deposits and provide financing for installments (Hire � Purchase) and leasing transactions and housing loans. 156 registered leasing companies serving mainly the industrial sector supplement the services of finance companies.
Source Doing Business In Malaysia � The price water house in Malaysia 16
Joint Ventures Partnerships and sole proprietorships
In addition to business activities conducted by companies, business may be carried on in Malaysia by a partnership or sole proprietorship. A partnership may consist of individuals or companies or a combination of both, but no more than 0 partners if it carries on a business for gain. An exception is made for partnerships in certain professions that have been specifically proclaimed to be excluded from the rule of membership limit. Partnership or sole proprietorship may be registered under the business registration act. Foreign investments do not commonly take for of sole proprietorships.
There is no specific statute that regulates joint ventures or defines the rights and obligations of the parties to the venture. A joint venture can take the form of a partnership, or it may be incorporated.
Restrictions On Foreign Investment
Malaysia recognizes its lack of experience and know-how in many fields of industrial endeavor and the valuable contribution that can be made in economic and industrial development by foreign industrialists. How ever the need for foreign technology and capital must be balanced against the ownership targets of the national development plan. In 11 the NDP replaced the New Economic Policy (NEP), sets out the guidelines and objectives of the governments policies on t he distribution of ownership and participation in the commercial and industrial sectors. The industrial act 175 requires all manufacturing companies to apply to the Malaysian industrial Development Authority (MIDA), an agency of Ministry Of International Trade and Industry, for permission to commerce or expand operations.
This act sets provides for the issue of manufacturing licenses, sets out conditions for BUMIPUTRA and other Malaysian participants.
Some of the conditions are
1. No equity will be imposed on companies that will export 80 percent or more of their production.
. For projects exporting between 51 and 7 percent of their production, foreign equity ownership of 7 percent may be allowed.
. For projects exporting between 0 and 50 percent of their production, foreign equity ownership between 0 to 50 percent will be allowed.
4. Projects less than 0 percent of their production, foreign equity of ownership 0 percent will be allowed.
Quality of life in Malaysia
Malaysia is one of the most friendly and hospitable countries in the world to live in and do business or work. Foreigners coming to this country to do business will not only have hospitable conditions for business, but also can enjoy the modern day facilities like very good living conditions, state of art healthcare and medical conditions, world class educational institutions, and also un surpassing recreational and sports facilities. The cost of such facilities in country like Malaysia is far less than in any of the western country or developed countries. The country is generally warm throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 1° to ° Celsius in the lowlands. This can however be as low as 16° Celsius in the highlands. (geographia.com/Malaysia)
Malaysia reflects different cultural traditions, including those of China, India, the Middle East, Europe, and the entire Malay Archipelago. Early Malay empires absorbed Indian influences, such as Hindu epics and the Sanskrit language. The kingdom of Malacca, centered in the present-day state of Melaka, developed as an Islamic state, or sultanate, in the 1400s. Later, new cultural influences from Europe and China mixed with Hindu and Islamic traditions.
A collective but distinctively Malay cultural pattern has emerged out of all these influences, with artistic expressions in literature, music, dance, and art forms. With such a mix of cultures, most Malaysians can speak two to three languages. Their mother tongue, Malay being the national language is spoken by almost everyone, and English (Mapzones.com).
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/
Housing
There are several options for living in Malaysia - bungalows or freestanding homes, condominiums (apartments with extra facilities) and apartments (usually with limited facilities). Recently built condominiums in good areas include most of the following - pool, gym, lifts, 4-hour security service, adequate parking, convenience store and landscape gardens. Kuala Lumpur is no different from any other city in the world; location and facilities are all important. There are few natural attractions that make certain areas better for living - being inland, for example, there are no beach-side locations near to the city. The dress circle areas therefore tend to be based upon location with proximity to the CBD, all-important. Other popular upmarket suburbs have long been established and are very well equipped with plenty of amenities. Some indication of monthly rents in Kuala Lumpur. Modern, three-bedroom condominium, ,100 sq. feet in Bangsar - RM7, 500 and a two-bedroom condominium, 1,00 sq. feet in Bangsar - RM, 000. Semi-detached house in central area, RM4,000 to RM6,000 and detached house, central location and pool - RM,000 to RM15,000. By international standards, Malaysian housing is cheap. (expatkl.com)
Education
Education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16, and an additional two years of free education are optional. In 17, 101 percent of Malaysian children attended primary school. Parents may choose between Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, or Tamil as the language of instruction for their primary-school children. Bahasa Malaysia is the primary language of instruction in all secondary schools, although continued learning in Chinese and Tamil is available and English is a compulsory second language. Enrollment in secondary education was 64 percent in 17. Malaysia has a number of institutions of higher education, including nine universities.
Universities include the National University, in Bangi; the University of Technology, in Johor Baharu; and the University of Malaya, in Kuala Lumpur. Local school curricula are taught in Bahasa Malaysia (national language), Chinese, English or Tamil. There are international schools that use British, Japanese, Indonesian, American, Australian and French curricula. International schools come with a cost but the standards and facilities are high. The International schools are located in Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, and labuana. (Mapzones.com, expatkl.com)
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/cultureindex.php
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/educationindex.php
http//www.expatkl.com/housing1.php
http//www.expatkl.com/education.php
Shopping
Malaysia is a shopper’s paradise. There is a wide range of shopping establishments and modern air-conditioned shopping malls, department stores, handicraft centers, bazaars and night markets. Night markets or pasar malam begin their trading activities in the late afternoon. These open-air markets feature hawker stalls that sell a variety of local produce, foodstuff, clothing, traditional medicine vendors and cakes. Bargaining is a common practice. Bukit Bintang area is the oldest shopping center. This place has local and international goods such as clothes, fashion accessories, footwear, sports goods, electrical equipment, pharmaceutical products, computers and furniture.
Exploring Malaysias outdoor markets is pure adventure (and of course one can take home whatever they hunt - or bargain - down). The variety of bargain items that can be found in the major markets is endless, ranging from quality electronics to blowguns to traditional arts and crafts. Currently, the dollar goes a long way in Malaysia. (planetgypsy.com, geographia.com)
Lifestyle
Life in Malaysia is adventure. It offers an exceptional lifestyle especially for the people who love the outdoors. You can spend many exciting weekends at some of the beautiful places in Malaysia. There are clubs for almost any interest i.e. yachting and martial arts; and most daily newspapers often list the clubs and contact numbers for their activities. Most large national groups of expats have associations. Membership for expats are also offered by exclusive where they are assured of basic amenities like swimming pool, tennis / squash / badminton courts, pool tables, and some have their own golf courses or are at least affiliated to one. Because of its myriad cultural influences, Malaysia is renown for its creative, complex, and lovingly prepared original cuisine. Food is taken very seriously here, from the five-star restaurants right down to the hawkers booths. Sauces tend to be highly developed, often incorporating local fruits and spices, and the seafood dishes are what youd expect from a country almost entirely surrounded by ocean. (geographia.com, planetgypsy.com)
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/shopping.html
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/cuisine.html
Risk Factors
Short-term risk event
The growing influences of conservative Islam in Malaysia risks undermining the country’s image abroad as a progressive Islamic state as well as constraining domestic economic development. (home.aigonline.com)
Political risk
The delayed departure of the Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, from politics is proving destabilizing. Although Abdullah Badawi, the deputy president, has been appointed as his successor, uncertainty about policy continuity and speculation about the changing locus of political power will persist. (home.aigonline.com)
Economic outlook
The economy in 00-04 will expand more rapidly than in 00, when growth was an estimated .8%. A fiscal stimulus package is expected to help offset soft domestic and external demand in the early part of the year. The current account will remain in healthy surplus; foreign-exchange reserves will continue to rise. The currency is expected to remain pegged to the US dollar, although the Economist Intelligence Unit expects a shift away from the peg in late-004 as the US currency strengthens. (home.aigonline.com)
Debt outlook
The government will accumulate more foreign debt to finance its fiscal stimulus package, but debt servicing will remain manageable. (home.aigonline.com)
Policy Issues
Following the Asian economic and financial crisis in mid-17, the government abandoned its tight monetary and fiscal policies and adopted an expansionary strategy to revive the economy. On September 1st 18 the government introduced wide-ranging capital controls to gain greater flexibility in lowering interest rates, and pegged the ringgit at M$.80US$1. Since February 1 the government has eased most of these controls. The stimulative fiscal and monetary stance has remained basically unchanged since the 17-8 crisis. The government remains committed to the fixed exchange rate, and the weakness of the US currency has eased pressure for an adjustment of the peg. (home.aigonline.com)
http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,157,00.html
Conclusion
Malaysia’s success in attracting the foreign investment in capital-intensive, technology, and knowledge-based projects is the result of many factors. Malaysia with excellent Infrastructure, educated and efficient work force and retaining long-term policies and incentives that provide the confidence to businessmen that their millions of ringgit worth of investments would not be wasted due to change of policies after a change in government.
Malaysia’s location also makes it a logical choice for foreign corporations seeking to establish operational headquarters in the ASIAN region.
Appendix
Key Economic Indicators
1 000 001
Population .7 million . million 4.4 million
GDP RM1.8billion RM0.billion RM10 billion
GDP growth rate 5.8% 8.5% 0.%
Per capita income US$,8 US$,516 US$,000
Inflation rate .8% 1.6% 1.5%
Labor force . million .6 million . million
Unemployment rate .4% .1% .7%
Total exports f.o.b US$ 8.billion 8.1billion 4.4billion
Total imports f.o.b US$ 61.billion 77.billion 76.billion
Major Export’s electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals
Major Import’s electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel and iron and steel products, chemicals
Source cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, Bank Negara Malaysia Annual report 000.
References
WWW.planegypsy.com
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/history.html
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html
http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/shopping.html
WWW.dfat.gov
http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol
WWW.combinet.net
http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html
WWW.capstrans.edu
http//www.capstrans.edu.au/apec_report/_Malaysia.html
WWW.cia.gov
http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/my.htm
WWW.georaphia.com
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/
http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/cuisine.html
WWW.mapzones.com
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/cultureindex.php
http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/educationindex.php
WWW.expatkl.com
http//www.expatkl.com/children.php
http//www.expatkl.com/housing1.php
http//www.expatkl.com/education.php
WWW.home.aigonline.com
http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,157,00.html
Mind that the sample papers like investment and business oppoetunities in malaysia presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, 15 August 2012
quality
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Qualities The Classical perspective was set in the ninetieth and early twentieth century. The Classical perspective has three main categories which are Scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative principles which try to improve operations, organization structure and general practice.
Scientific Management focuses on operations and how to improve an organization. There are six key ideas which relates to scientific management which are observation, experiment, standardization, selection and training, payment by results and cooperation. These six key ideas came from Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-115) which he believed to improve employee’s work attitude.
Administrative this approach focuses on the whole business. Henri Fayol (1841-15) a French mining engineering introduced the fourteen principles of management here are four examples management roles which are Unity of Command, Division of work, Unity of direction and Scalar chain.
These headings try to enforce management in different areas, operations, organizational structure and general process of management in classical perspective.
Humanistic perspective “A management perspective that emerged around the late nineteenth century that emphasized understanding human behavior, needs, and attitude in the workplace”. (Understanding management 4th edition) There are three factors based on humanistic perspective which are human relation movement, the human resource perspective and the behavioral approach.
The human relation movement was introduced in the 185 when electricity was poor. By 10 electricity had improve but electric companies wanted to increase light to improve productivity. The Hawthorne studies begun in 14 at the Hawthorne plant of western Electric Company, where they did a number of experiments to demonstrate there argument. They found out that money did matter to employees because it got them to motivate. Also they found out that if managers treated them well the employee perform much better.
The Human Resource perspective is to meet higher level to get employees to reach there greatest potential to avoid lack of motivation. Douglas McGregor came up of the idea of two theories, theory X and theory Y. The theory X is based on classical perspective where employees put ideas together which did not go far enough. This make employees avoid there work and dislike it. Theory Y approach is more improved it allows employees to take more responsibility and exercise there self-direction and organize goals when they have chance. Today a few companies use theory X instead they use theory Y.
Finally Behavior Sciences (OB) is the study of employee’s behavior using scientific methods to find out what motivates employees. It obtains sociology, psychology, anthropology and economics. Gap is an example which uses behavior science approach when they train new managers to motivate there employees.
Management Science Perspective during World War II management came under a lot of changes. There were a lot of complex problems presented through managerial decision makers related to global warfare. Scientists and Mathematics was used to solve problems like moving vast amounts of weapons, equipment and large number of people. That’s why usually large organisations tend to have successful solutions. There are three aspects in management science such as operations research (OR), operations management and information technology (IT). Operation research consists of Mathematics which is used if there was a problem then it can interpret and carry out into management. Operation management is a field of management that focuses on in the physical manufacture of goods and services. It has a wide range of management techniques like forecasting, stock control and queue management. Information technology (IT) is the most recent tool used by managers. IT systems give you accurate information in a short time in a cost-efficient method. Also managers can use to help them estimate costs, project management and plan.
Bureaucracy approach is looking at the problem as a whole in managing. Max Weber (1864-10) a German theorist is good example of Bureaucracy he developed six elements which are division of labour, organization of position into hierarchy, people are assigned to positions, the management and ownership and all are subject to rules and procedures.
Mind that the sample papers like quality presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Qualities The Classical perspective was set in the ninetieth and early twentieth century. The Classical perspective has three main categories which are Scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative principles which try to improve operations, organization structure and general practice.
Scientific Management focuses on operations and how to improve an organization. There are six key ideas which relates to scientific management which are observation, experiment, standardization, selection and training, payment by results and cooperation. These six key ideas came from Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-115) which he believed to improve employee’s work attitude.
Administrative this approach focuses on the whole business. Henri Fayol (1841-15) a French mining engineering introduced the fourteen principles of management here are four examples management roles which are Unity of Command, Division of work, Unity of direction and Scalar chain.
These headings try to enforce management in different areas, operations, organizational structure and general process of management in classical perspective.
Humanistic perspective “A management perspective that emerged around the late nineteenth century that emphasized understanding human behavior, needs, and attitude in the workplace”. (Understanding management 4th edition) There are three factors based on humanistic perspective which are human relation movement, the human resource perspective and the behavioral approach.
The human relation movement was introduced in the 185 when electricity was poor. By 10 electricity had improve but electric companies wanted to increase light to improve productivity. The Hawthorne studies begun in 14 at the Hawthorne plant of western Electric Company, where they did a number of experiments to demonstrate there argument. They found out that money did matter to employees because it got them to motivate. Also they found out that if managers treated them well the employee perform much better.
The Human Resource perspective is to meet higher level to get employees to reach there greatest potential to avoid lack of motivation. Douglas McGregor came up of the idea of two theories, theory X and theory Y. The theory X is based on classical perspective where employees put ideas together which did not go far enough. This make employees avoid there work and dislike it. Theory Y approach is more improved it allows employees to take more responsibility and exercise there self-direction and organize goals when they have chance. Today a few companies use theory X instead they use theory Y.
Finally Behavior Sciences (OB) is the study of employee’s behavior using scientific methods to find out what motivates employees. It obtains sociology, psychology, anthropology and economics. Gap is an example which uses behavior science approach when they train new managers to motivate there employees.
Management Science Perspective during World War II management came under a lot of changes. There were a lot of complex problems presented through managerial decision makers related to global warfare. Scientists and Mathematics was used to solve problems like moving vast amounts of weapons, equipment and large number of people. That’s why usually large organisations tend to have successful solutions. There are three aspects in management science such as operations research (OR), operations management and information technology (IT). Operation research consists of Mathematics which is used if there was a problem then it can interpret and carry out into management. Operation management is a field of management that focuses on in the physical manufacture of goods and services. It has a wide range of management techniques like forecasting, stock control and queue management. Information technology (IT) is the most recent tool used by managers. IT systems give you accurate information in a short time in a cost-efficient method. Also managers can use to help them estimate costs, project management and plan.
Bureaucracy approach is looking at the problem as a whole in managing. Max Weber (1864-10) a German theorist is good example of Bureaucracy he developed six elements which are division of labour, organization of position into hierarchy, people are assigned to positions, the management and ownership and all are subject to rules and procedures.
Mind that the sample papers like quality presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, 12 August 2012
here we are
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he companys interests to stretch to extravagances such as giving out free drink coupons as a promotional exercise. With oil-cloth banners and streetcar signs, the drink began to sell extremely well.
It is not clear why exactly Pemberton then sold the rights to the Coca-Cola formula - he had developed cancer and it is possible that his morphine addiction was now very serious - but in 1887, Willis Venable and George Lowndes purchased two-thirds of the rights. He told Lowndes I am sick, and I believe I will never get out of this bed. The only thing I have is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola some day will be a national drink. I want to keep a third interest in it so that my son will always have a living. Little did Pemberton know that his son Charley would be dead from a morphine overdose only six years later.
Pembertons illness worsened, but he remained obsessed with perfecting the Coca-Cola formula. Several times in his dying months he struggled to his laboratory to experiment with a modified cola drink with celery extract. He did not care anything about what he had already accomplished, one of his associates remarked, he wanted something new. On August 16, 1888, John Pemberton passed away. His obituary described him as the oldest druggist of Atlanta and one of her best-known citizens an especially popular gentleman.
Comments
John Pembertons obsessive search for the perfect drink is typical of the inventor and of the early stages of a corporate history. What begins as research becomes a self-sacrificing, heroic, project. One common feature of the great inventor is that they rarely profit themselves from their discoveries.
Due to the poor business sense that Pemberton displayed towards the end of his career, the ownership of his idea was taken away from him, and his wife died a pauper. Little did any of them know that this once obscure patent medicine would one day become a multi-million dollar business, and come to represent the essence of American culture.
Although Coca-Cola Enterprises, established in 186, is a young company, the roots of our business extend back to 18, when the first Coca-Cola bottling operation began. In fact, when the first bottling franchise began operations in 101, it operated under the ownership of Benjamin F. Thomas and James F. Johnston, grandfather of our former Chairman of the Board, Summerfield K. Johnston, Jr.
Though Coca-Cola Enterprises is now the largest soft drink bottler in the world, each of our local bottling operations represent several decades of success in building the strongest brands in the world. Maintaining the local aspect of our business continues to be an integral part of our success.
· 1886 � John Pemberton creates Coca-Cola syrup · 18 � Coca-Cola sold in bottles · 101 � First bottling franchise formed · 18-10 � 7 bottling plants opened · First automatic fillers introduced
· 114 � The Coca-Cola Bottlers Association was formed
· 115 � The contour bottle was developed
· 11 � The first European bottling plant opens in Paris
· Bottlers still delivering by horse or mule drawn drays
· 10� Over 1,000 bottling plants and bottlers now in existence
· 1 � Robert Woodruff becomes president of The Coca-Cola Company
· The use of cartons and coolers took hold
· 1 � The Glascock cooler was invented
· 10 � First official cooler was
found at service stations
· 15 � First standardized coin- operated vending machines in use
· 00-400 independent bottlers existed in U.S.
· A unique selling strategy was employed. Bottlers employ young women to go door to door offering to install wall mounted bottle openers in kitchens, which in turn boosted sales. These women made about 15 calls a day
· 141 - Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Chicago fills 06 bottles per minute
· Carbo-coolers introduced
· 00-400 independent bottlers existed in U.S.
· Portable vending units were introduced
· 15 � King Size version of the contour bottle introduction
· 158 � Coca-Cola Bottling Works of Gary, IN fills 400 bottles per minute
· International expansion of Coca-Cola system gains strength
· 160 � First 1 ounce can � steel, not aluminum � introduced
· 164 � First lift-top cans introduced
· Three new brands debut
TAB, Fresca, Sprite
· First computers added at bottling plants
· 70 independent Coca-Cola franchise ownerships in the U.S.
· Glass bottles still primary package
· 18 � Diet Coke introduced
· 185 � Introduction of New Coke
· Months later, Coca-Cola Classic was reintroduced
· 186 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. was formed
· Consolidation reduces number of independent Coca-Cola franchise ownerships in the U.S. to 180
· Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. acquisitions
· 187 � Portions of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
· 188 � Miami, Florida, Maryland, Delaware and Memphis, Tennessee
11 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. and Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group merge; Summerfield K. Johnston, Jr. becomes CEO
14 � A PET (polyethylene terephthalate) version of contour bottle launched; such bottles now account for more than half of all CCE volume
17 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. initiates a for 1 stock split of the Company’s common shares
1 � Dasani introduced
Fewer than 10 Coca-Cola bottlers exist in the U.S.
Fillers now handle more than 000 cans per minute
00 � Noncarbonated beverages, such as Dasani, PowerAde, and Minute Maid juice drinks, grow to 1% of CCEs total volume.
Fridge Pack introduced, helping consumers keep more 1 oz cans cold in the refrigerator.
Vanilla Coke introduced, becomes the most successful new product in 0 years..
Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. key territory acquisitions
· 1 � First international acquisition the Netherlands
· 16 � Ouachita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana
· 16 � Belgium and France
· 16 � Coke West, in portions of Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, and Minnesota
· 17 � Great Britain
· 17 � Canada and New York
· 18 � Coke Southwest, including portions of Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
· 001 � July 10, Coca-Cola Enterprises completes the acquisition of Herb Coca-Cola, the third largest United States Coca-Cola bottler, for approximately $1.4 billion. The territory includes portions of 6 states, including the metropolitan areas of Chicago, IL; Milwaukee, WI; Indianapolis, IN; and Rochester,NY. With this acquisition, Coca-Cola Enterprises now sells approximately 80 percent of The Coca-Cola Company’s bottle and can volume in North America
Mind that the sample papers like here we are presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
he companys interests to stretch to extravagances such as giving out free drink coupons as a promotional exercise. With oil-cloth banners and streetcar signs, the drink began to sell extremely well.
It is not clear why exactly Pemberton then sold the rights to the Coca-Cola formula - he had developed cancer and it is possible that his morphine addiction was now very serious - but in 1887, Willis Venable and George Lowndes purchased two-thirds of the rights. He told Lowndes I am sick, and I believe I will never get out of this bed. The only thing I have is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola some day will be a national drink. I want to keep a third interest in it so that my son will always have a living. Little did Pemberton know that his son Charley would be dead from a morphine overdose only six years later.
Pembertons illness worsened, but he remained obsessed with perfecting the Coca-Cola formula. Several times in his dying months he struggled to his laboratory to experiment with a modified cola drink with celery extract. He did not care anything about what he had already accomplished, one of his associates remarked, he wanted something new. On August 16, 1888, John Pemberton passed away. His obituary described him as the oldest druggist of Atlanta and one of her best-known citizens an especially popular gentleman.
Comments
John Pembertons obsessive search for the perfect drink is typical of the inventor and of the early stages of a corporate history. What begins as research becomes a self-sacrificing, heroic, project. One common feature of the great inventor is that they rarely profit themselves from their discoveries.
Due to the poor business sense that Pemberton displayed towards the end of his career, the ownership of his idea was taken away from him, and his wife died a pauper. Little did any of them know that this once obscure patent medicine would one day become a multi-million dollar business, and come to represent the essence of American culture.
Although Coca-Cola Enterprises, established in 186, is a young company, the roots of our business extend back to 18, when the first Coca-Cola bottling operation began. In fact, when the first bottling franchise began operations in 101, it operated under the ownership of Benjamin F. Thomas and James F. Johnston, grandfather of our former Chairman of the Board, Summerfield K. Johnston, Jr.
Though Coca-Cola Enterprises is now the largest soft drink bottler in the world, each of our local bottling operations represent several decades of success in building the strongest brands in the world. Maintaining the local aspect of our business continues to be an integral part of our success.
· 1886 � John Pemberton creates Coca-Cola syrup · 18 � Coca-Cola sold in bottles · 101 � First bottling franchise formed · 18-10 � 7 bottling plants opened · First automatic fillers introduced
· 114 � The Coca-Cola Bottlers Association was formed
· 115 � The contour bottle was developed
· 11 � The first European bottling plant opens in Paris
· Bottlers still delivering by horse or mule drawn drays
· 10� Over 1,000 bottling plants and bottlers now in existence
· 1 � Robert Woodruff becomes president of The Coca-Cola Company
· The use of cartons and coolers took hold
· 1 � The Glascock cooler was invented
· 10 � First official cooler was
found at service stations
· 15 � First standardized coin- operated vending machines in use
· 00-400 independent bottlers existed in U.S.
· A unique selling strategy was employed. Bottlers employ young women to go door to door offering to install wall mounted bottle openers in kitchens, which in turn boosted sales. These women made about 15 calls a day
· 141 - Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Chicago fills 06 bottles per minute
· Carbo-coolers introduced
· 00-400 independent bottlers existed in U.S.
· Portable vending units were introduced
· 15 � King Size version of the contour bottle introduction
· 158 � Coca-Cola Bottling Works of Gary, IN fills 400 bottles per minute
· International expansion of Coca-Cola system gains strength
· 160 � First 1 ounce can � steel, not aluminum � introduced
· 164 � First lift-top cans introduced
· Three new brands debut
TAB, Fresca, Sprite
· First computers added at bottling plants
· 70 independent Coca-Cola franchise ownerships in the U.S.
· Glass bottles still primary package
· 18 � Diet Coke introduced
· 185 � Introduction of New Coke
· Months later, Coca-Cola Classic was reintroduced
· 186 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. was formed
· Consolidation reduces number of independent Coca-Cola franchise ownerships in the U.S. to 180
· Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. acquisitions
· 187 � Portions of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
· 188 � Miami, Florida, Maryland, Delaware and Memphis, Tennessee
11 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. and Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group merge; Summerfield K. Johnston, Jr. becomes CEO
14 � A PET (polyethylene terephthalate) version of contour bottle launched; such bottles now account for more than half of all CCE volume
17 � Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. initiates a for 1 stock split of the Company’s common shares
1 � Dasani introduced
Fewer than 10 Coca-Cola bottlers exist in the U.S.
Fillers now handle more than 000 cans per minute
00 � Noncarbonated beverages, such as Dasani, PowerAde, and Minute Maid juice drinks, grow to 1% of CCEs total volume.
Fridge Pack introduced, helping consumers keep more 1 oz cans cold in the refrigerator.
Vanilla Coke introduced, becomes the most successful new product in 0 years..
Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. key territory acquisitions
· 1 � First international acquisition the Netherlands
· 16 � Ouachita Coca-Cola Bottling Co., Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana
· 16 � Belgium and France
· 16 � Coke West, in portions of Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, and Minnesota
· 17 � Great Britain
· 17 � Canada and New York
· 18 � Coke Southwest, including portions of Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
· 001 � July 10, Coca-Cola Enterprises completes the acquisition of Herb Coca-Cola, the third largest United States Coca-Cola bottler, for approximately $1.4 billion. The territory includes portions of 6 states, including the metropolitan areas of Chicago, IL; Milwaukee, WI; Indianapolis, IN; and Rochester,NY. With this acquisition, Coca-Cola Enterprises now sells approximately 80 percent of The Coca-Cola Company’s bottle and can volume in North America
Mind that the sample papers like here we are presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, 7 August 2012
Retail Marketing
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Retail Marketing even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Retail Marketing in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Flight Centre
Flight Centre is in the market of retail travel and tourism. It is a travel agency at which people wishing to go on holiday whether domestic or International, come into one of there many stores and speak to a travel consultant about where they want to go and how much that will cost them. The Consultants then is able to book the holiday for the customer/client whether that is a hotel or an International flight to Paris.
The market for people wanting to travel in this modern era is of gigantic proportions with people particularly in Western Cultures wanting to escape the busy and chaotic modern life of today’s world.
Travel has become more adventurous before what was seen, as a peaceful place to go for a holiday has now become a tourist nightmare. Persons wishing to get away from it all have to venture out further. This has opened up the door for more remote destinations for the young; holiday places such Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam places that traditionally were not accessible. Also in many cases the lack of time of many in the Western World causes people to consider time limits. Often there is not enough time to go from Australia to Europe. As there point of the Holiday is not to be on a plane for a substantial part of their holiday, also the cost of trips to closer locations is more than likely to be half of a trip to Europe.
Young people generally do have a lot higher budget than older travellers.
The market for travel is big with every person particularly in the younger generation seeing travel as a must. Just by looking at the amount of youth hostels opening up in recent years gives you an idea of how big the market for travel is.
The world even after the horrific events of September 11 001 still wants to travel and broaden their mind. As the Western Countries become more and more overcrowded. The market for travel will increase. Every person will need to get away from the hustle and bustle of modern western life.
As the third world countries inhabitants begin to gather money together I believe the market will be global and the chance for Flight Centre to become one of the worlds biggest companies extremely high.
The mission/purpose of Flight Centre fit in strongly with this concept. Mission is “To open up the world for those who want to see.” Flight Centre must set an objective to increase it’s market share of the Young travel market. Young persons like something different or away from mainstream, Flight Centre do have the staff being young enthusiastic but do not have the store layout, the store are set up as a more formal like occasion with package.
Key Competitor Analysis
The key competitors against Flight Centre are five key companies with Jetset and Travel world now joined together that combination could prove to be lethal for Flight Centre. Three of these competitors try to tackle Flight Centre head on with Web jet running an extensive Television campaign mentioning Flight Centre claims of being the cheapest airfares and attempting to convert Flight Centre customers away from Flight Centre web and on to there web site.
In an Article in the Sydney Morning Herald dated Thursday November 6th it addresses the competitors of Flight Centres wish to challenge Flight Centre. It talks about the joining of Travelworld and Jetset and also the company buying the once Ansett owned company Traveland which is now not in existence but owned by Jetset. Mr sparks chief executive of Jetset stated “ Flight Centre has a very strong positioning in the marketplace in terms of price and air business, What I am after is the value proposition and providing a solution for the customer who wants to come in and be apart of the process.” Recent profits for Jetset were in fact down because of September 11 yet Flight Centre profits reached record highs how competitive this new team will be I don’t know.
Webjet has taken a lot of business from the Flight Centre web market. Flight Centre does not have big market share in terms of web based booking with more and more people using the web nowadays its something which Flight Centre needs to address in the near future before company’s such as Webjet do take over the web based booking industry.
Thomas Cook travel is the biggest competitor in overseas market it has been established overseas for many decades now and particularly in the United Kingdom Thomas Cook has the same amount of Market share as Flight Centre does in Australia.
Flight Centre is really keen to expand it’s overseas market but with big established names like Thomas Cook, Flight Centre may find it rather difficult. Harvey world travel is a large competitor to flight Centre consultancy business as it has a range of stores which do offer package deals and exceptional service and also is well renowned and trusted brand in the marketplace. A web based American based company called Expedia could prove to be a threat with ¼ of the Staff of Flight Centre it’s profit is more than 5 times that of Flight Centre due to the low overheads involved in web based booking. Expedia was started up by Compaq so it users the most up to date technology.
Swot Analysis
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
Staff morale high Staff Retention Expansion of web based booking Highly competitive web based industry
Staff incentives high Fraud by Staff members Expand business overseas Competitors already established in overseas market.
Loyal staff to company More training in how to deal with complaints Expand business in Australia Terrorism
Internal promotions High overheads Deal with airline offering cheap rates Competitor deal with airline
Consistency of Organisational and processes Web based booking Buying out smaller companies ACCC
Good communication between consultants and management Staff offered better deals from competitors Buying hotel chains Loss of customers
High liquidity Expensive rewards scheme Buying Car hire company’s Harvey world Travel
Youthful enthusiasm To Gun Hoe Expand Student Flights Expedia
Target Market Analysis
Market include
· Family’s
· Students
· Retires
· Business people
· Singles
· Couples
In a recent survey done by Flight Centre it shows that their Customers are what their occupation is age etc.
Age % Of Customer
15-4 1%
5-4 1%
5-44 %
45-54 1%
55-64 16%
65+ 8%
Occupation %
Unemployed 1%
Retired 1%
Student 6%
Home maker 6%
Manual worker %
Trades 4%
Sales/Services 1%
Semi professional 14%
Business Managers professional 41%
As you can see from these results the age of customers at Flight Centre do vary enormously but their occupation is in more than half the time going to be either semi professional or professional in 54% of cases surveyed that was the case. There is 64% chance that the Flight Centre customers are aged between 5 and 54 years.
Surprisingly only 6 % of Flight Centre customers were students and only 1% were aged between 15 and 4. Today students are travelling more than another age bracket, this suggest that Flight Centre has not hit the Student Market yet and that students are not using Flight Centre. It is from this that I believe Flight Centre needs to change slightly and Target a more student base client between the agers of 15-4.
For a company, which has 0% market, share to only have 6% of its clients between the ages of 15-4 is wrong, particularly when persons in that age bracket make up in Australia 7% of all travel.
Promotion (retail Marketing Mix)
The promotion mix for Flight Centre will consist of many channels. The first channel used will be the television. The main focus for the promotion budget will be directed towards television. The Ads will contain information on seasonal deals and feature the company logo and slogan, as well as drive to web. The ads will be aimed at all areas of the market with a main emphasis on family programs.
Flight Centre will also involve itself with trade shows. Setting up information stands at all the major tourism shows and ads in trade publications and in-flight magazines. Flight Centre wants to get its product out into the travelling market
Flight Centre will also be sending out brochures to its previous customers. These brochures will be similar to the television ads, explaining up and coming deals. The difference between this and the television ads is that the brochures will be more in depth.
There will be similar brochures handed to universities, TAFE, Colleges and backpackers. These brochures will focus mainly on student deals and deals to places where students visit frequently.
Conclusion
This is a focused plan, aimed at gaining more of a market and stimulate the previous market to become active again. The idea behind the promotions is to push the deals. We want to get the idea across to the market that Flight Centre is the cheapest and best way to travel the world.
We have aimed at gaining more of a family and student market share. We feel that this is a boom area, as they gain more money.
Mind that the sample papers like Retail Marketing presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Flight Centre
Flight Centre is in the market of retail travel and tourism. It is a travel agency at which people wishing to go on holiday whether domestic or International, come into one of there many stores and speak to a travel consultant about where they want to go and how much that will cost them. The Consultants then is able to book the holiday for the customer/client whether that is a hotel or an International flight to Paris.
The market for people wanting to travel in this modern era is of gigantic proportions with people particularly in Western Cultures wanting to escape the busy and chaotic modern life of today’s world.
Travel has become more adventurous before what was seen, as a peaceful place to go for a holiday has now become a tourist nightmare. Persons wishing to get away from it all have to venture out further. This has opened up the door for more remote destinations for the young; holiday places such Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam places that traditionally were not accessible. Also in many cases the lack of time of many in the Western World causes people to consider time limits. Often there is not enough time to go from Australia to Europe. As there point of the Holiday is not to be on a plane for a substantial part of their holiday, also the cost of trips to closer locations is more than likely to be half of a trip to Europe.
Young people generally do have a lot higher budget than older travellers.
The market for travel is big with every person particularly in the younger generation seeing travel as a must. Just by looking at the amount of youth hostels opening up in recent years gives you an idea of how big the market for travel is.
The world even after the horrific events of September 11 001 still wants to travel and broaden their mind. As the Western Countries become more and more overcrowded. The market for travel will increase. Every person will need to get away from the hustle and bustle of modern western life.
As the third world countries inhabitants begin to gather money together I believe the market will be global and the chance for Flight Centre to become one of the worlds biggest companies extremely high.
The mission/purpose of Flight Centre fit in strongly with this concept. Mission is “To open up the world for those who want to see.” Flight Centre must set an objective to increase it’s market share of the Young travel market. Young persons like something different or away from mainstream, Flight Centre do have the staff being young enthusiastic but do not have the store layout, the store are set up as a more formal like occasion with package.
Key Competitor Analysis
The key competitors against Flight Centre are five key companies with Jetset and Travel world now joined together that combination could prove to be lethal for Flight Centre. Three of these competitors try to tackle Flight Centre head on with Web jet running an extensive Television campaign mentioning Flight Centre claims of being the cheapest airfares and attempting to convert Flight Centre customers away from Flight Centre web and on to there web site.
In an Article in the Sydney Morning Herald dated Thursday November 6th it addresses the competitors of Flight Centres wish to challenge Flight Centre. It talks about the joining of Travelworld and Jetset and also the company buying the once Ansett owned company Traveland which is now not in existence but owned by Jetset. Mr sparks chief executive of Jetset stated “ Flight Centre has a very strong positioning in the marketplace in terms of price and air business, What I am after is the value proposition and providing a solution for the customer who wants to come in and be apart of the process.” Recent profits for Jetset were in fact down because of September 11 yet Flight Centre profits reached record highs how competitive this new team will be I don’t know.
Webjet has taken a lot of business from the Flight Centre web market. Flight Centre does not have big market share in terms of web based booking with more and more people using the web nowadays its something which Flight Centre needs to address in the near future before company’s such as Webjet do take over the web based booking industry.
Thomas Cook travel is the biggest competitor in overseas market it has been established overseas for many decades now and particularly in the United Kingdom Thomas Cook has the same amount of Market share as Flight Centre does in Australia.
Flight Centre is really keen to expand it’s overseas market but with big established names like Thomas Cook, Flight Centre may find it rather difficult. Harvey world travel is a large competitor to flight Centre consultancy business as it has a range of stores which do offer package deals and exceptional service and also is well renowned and trusted brand in the marketplace. A web based American based company called Expedia could prove to be a threat with ¼ of the Staff of Flight Centre it’s profit is more than 5 times that of Flight Centre due to the low overheads involved in web based booking. Expedia was started up by Compaq so it users the most up to date technology.
Swot Analysis
Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats
Staff morale high Staff Retention Expansion of web based booking Highly competitive web based industry
Staff incentives high Fraud by Staff members Expand business overseas Competitors already established in overseas market.
Loyal staff to company More training in how to deal with complaints Expand business in Australia Terrorism
Internal promotions High overheads Deal with airline offering cheap rates Competitor deal with airline
Consistency of Organisational and processes Web based booking Buying out smaller companies ACCC
Good communication between consultants and management Staff offered better deals from competitors Buying hotel chains Loss of customers
High liquidity Expensive rewards scheme Buying Car hire company’s Harvey world Travel
Youthful enthusiasm To Gun Hoe Expand Student Flights Expedia
Target Market Analysis
Market include
· Family’s
· Students
· Retires
· Business people
· Singles
· Couples
In a recent survey done by Flight Centre it shows that their Customers are what their occupation is age etc.
Age % Of Customer
15-4 1%
5-4 1%
5-44 %
45-54 1%
55-64 16%
65+ 8%
Occupation %
Unemployed 1%
Retired 1%
Student 6%
Home maker 6%
Manual worker %
Trades 4%
Sales/Services 1%
Semi professional 14%
Business Managers professional 41%
As you can see from these results the age of customers at Flight Centre do vary enormously but their occupation is in more than half the time going to be either semi professional or professional in 54% of cases surveyed that was the case. There is 64% chance that the Flight Centre customers are aged between 5 and 54 years.
Surprisingly only 6 % of Flight Centre customers were students and only 1% were aged between 15 and 4. Today students are travelling more than another age bracket, this suggest that Flight Centre has not hit the Student Market yet and that students are not using Flight Centre. It is from this that I believe Flight Centre needs to change slightly and Target a more student base client between the agers of 15-4.
For a company, which has 0% market, share to only have 6% of its clients between the ages of 15-4 is wrong, particularly when persons in that age bracket make up in Australia 7% of all travel.
Promotion (retail Marketing Mix)
The promotion mix for Flight Centre will consist of many channels. The first channel used will be the television. The main focus for the promotion budget will be directed towards television. The Ads will contain information on seasonal deals and feature the company logo and slogan, as well as drive to web. The ads will be aimed at all areas of the market with a main emphasis on family programs.
Flight Centre will also involve itself with trade shows. Setting up information stands at all the major tourism shows and ads in trade publications and in-flight magazines. Flight Centre wants to get its product out into the travelling market
Flight Centre will also be sending out brochures to its previous customers. These brochures will be similar to the television ads, explaining up and coming deals. The difference between this and the television ads is that the brochures will be more in depth.
There will be similar brochures handed to universities, TAFE, Colleges and backpackers. These brochures will focus mainly on student deals and deals to places where students visit frequently.
Conclusion
This is a focused plan, aimed at gaining more of a market and stimulate the previous market to become active again. The idea behind the promotions is to push the deals. We want to get the idea across to the market that Flight Centre is the cheapest and best way to travel the world.
We have aimed at gaining more of a family and student market share. We feel that this is a boom area, as they gain more money.
Mind that the sample papers like Retail Marketing presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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