Good and evil motif in the lord of the flies

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Good and evil

A symbol Golding uses throughout the book is the conch, it symbolizes the law and order of the adult world which piggy tries to protect. The person holding the conch had the power, since when it was called for an assembly everyone had to pay attention. On the other hand Fire/Smoke denotes the last best hope of the boys being rescued. To Piggy and Ralph, the fire represents the moral influence; however when the fire goes out Ralph looses hope of being rescued.

In addition another important symbol are the glasses which are the voice of reason and logic among the boys. Piggy uses the glasses to find solution to the boy’s problems and we can see this very clear when he uses his specs to light the fire, so that they can be seen and rescue. However, after the glasses are broken, the group loses what insight they had.

Another connotation that Golding uses is butterflies since, they represent freedom of thoughts, liberty and the independence each one had, although it was a team directed by a chief that all of them choose.




The beast, the Lord of the Flies, is seen as a real object on the island which frightens the boys. Actually the beast is something internal; the Lord of the Flies is in soul and mind of the boys, leading them to become savages.



Furthermore, Jack is also a negative symbol because, he just thinks in killing and hunting he doesn’t care about helping Ralph to be rescue, but not only Jack is a negative symbol but also Roger represents man’s natural tendency to cause harm to others that’s why they both understand well each other.

The brain storm shows how symbolism played an important role in the book, since this is a very outstanding technique to catch up the reader’s attention. However good and evil are some of the symbols that repeats a lot through the text because it gives the reader a better idea of what they are talking about. These aspects can be seen through the content in most of the characters and their actions.

Page Quotation Analysis/connotations/layers of meaning

16 ‘ We ought to have a meeting’ Assemblies were the unity between the boys, since everyone had to assist and it was the way that all the boys communicate any news.

1 ‘He held out his spear and pointed at the savages’ This is an image of violence. It connotes evil and it is showing that now the boys have become savages. They use the word ‘spear’ to reinforce that their actions are malevolent.

17 ‘A savage raised his hand and the chief turned a bleak, painted toward him’ Jack is now the ‘chief’ of the group, the evil inside him leads Jack to want more power and as a result we could see that evil succeed.

170 ‘The head is for the beast is a gift’ It is an ironic imagery because a pigs head can’t be a gift; this shows how savage Jack was.

1 ‘We want Smoke. And you go wasting your time. You roll stones. ‘Smoke’ is a symbol of hope since they could get rescue if fire didn’t run out. On the other hand ‘rolling rocks’ represents how hopes are thrown away just like a rock.

16 ‘A pool of their own shadow’ This quotes shows that the boys have become evil; however they are all one big mask ‘savages’. ’Shadows indicates that things are not clear.

166 ‘Towards the chosen pig’ The chosen pig is a mother sow. This shows Jacks naivety because by killing the mother sow, he is avoid the piglets from growing and feeding with her, so later on there won’t be animals that Jack could hunt for food.

68 ‘Paint our faces’ so they couldn’t see. All Jack wants is to hunt, he doesn’t care about anything else. Moreover he has become ‘savage’. Hunting also brings Jack fear.

171 There were no shadows under the trees… without definition’ This quote foreshadows that Lord of the flies is an internal image/allusive real. ‘Shadows’ is an image of mystery fear of the unknown.

178 ‘Or else said Lord of the Flies, we shall do you’ Lord of the flies as said before is an internal image represents the power of the unknown the evil side. He is intimidating Simon to avoid him to tell the truth about what he has revealed.

0 ‘Samnerick protested out of the heart of civilization. The boys are turning into savages. They are the weakest part of human nature. Therefore they need moral support so that they are not influenced so quickly.

74 ‘The mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid liberated from share and self consciousness.’ Masks create another personality on the boys. It makes the boys proceed different and feel that they are another person, since when they had the painted faces they thought they were free to do anything they want to.

111 ‘What I mean is.. Maybe it’s only us.’ Simon is telling that people can be immoral. He is the only one who understands that the boys are scared, since their behavior changes notable.

14 ‘The desire to squeeze and hurt was over -mastering’ This reflects that the boys have become evil. ‘Hurts’ represents a need to damage the boys.

17 ‘The sniggering of the savages became a loud derisive jeer’ This quote shows a malevolent shout. The boys have to desire so that all of them act in an evil way.

0 ‘But there was stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out… there was the conch.’ The conch is a symbol of power, order law and civilization. It connotes unity between the group. The conch is also a holy thing for Ralph.

15 ‘You could see now that he might make a boxer…proclaimed no devil.’ This is an image of good; it is showing that Ralph is not an evil, but boy with good feelings.

170,171 The butterflies deserted the open space.

The pile of guts was a black bob of flies that buzzed like a saw. ‘Butterflies’ is an image of good since it represents freedom and liberty. However flies are black they symbolize the evil and violent side.

188 ‘Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! Do him in!’ This quote shows how the boys are influenced by the song to make evil actions. The song was an important factor which persuaded the boys into killing Simon. It also represents crowd mentality.

1 ‘Piggy shook his head, put on his flashing glasses and looked down at Ralph.’ ‘Glasses’ is an image of good since they help to solve the problem of the fire, and this was an important event since being seen was the only way they could get rescued.

101 ‘We ought-ought to die before we let the fire out?’ This quote means that their lives depend on fire going out. Ralph as a chief is worried that they wont get rescued so he discusses with the Jack that hunting is not that important at that all of them should contribute so that the fire doesn’t run out

Finally I can say that the previously quotations helps us convey the message about good and evil for example fear is an image of evil so this reflects a negative atmosphere, an example of good is the conch it represents order and power since the person holding it had to be heard .

I divided the brainstorm into different parts so that each spot is analyzed later on with as much detail as possible. I think that my motif reflects the most in characters and their relationships because characters change from good to evil this can be seen with Roger, everyone though that he was like Simon ‘Jesus image’ but then he participates when they kill Simon this means that he had an evil side. Piggy and Simon were the ones who didn’t kill or betray anyone and continue to be good.



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Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet #18

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Sonnet 18 is part of a large group of sonnets that Shakespeare wrote addressing a man of great beauty. Shakespeare, in sonnet 18, uses descriptions of nature, and the power and images that they imply, and directly compares them to the power the young man possesses in his youth, vigor, and promise. Shakespeare then finds that the beauty and power of nature do not compare to the beauty and power of the young man. He uses his poem as a way to provide the youth with an eternal existence and subsequently makes it evident that Shakespeare sees the young man as more than a human, he sees him as a god.

In the first quatrain Shakespeare begins his comparison between the young man and nature by comparing the young man to a summer’s day. The image suggests illumination, brilliance, light, life, and all things associated with the sun as the source of all these things. Shakespeare feels the same way about the young man; he is in his prime, in his glory, full of life and beautiful. He is idealized by Shakespeare in this description. It is interesting to note that the first line is in the form of a question. Shakespeare at this point, realizes that he’s made a mistake in his comparison. “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.” (Line ) He knows that his language and comparison are inadequate in trying to express the way he feels. He knows that comparing the youth to a summer’s day does not do justice to the feelings he has for him. The youth is more perfect than the beauty of a summer’s day. The man is more temperate--- he is gentler, more constant, and more controlled. He is safely more reliant than a summer’s day. Shakespeare questions the idea of the man being as gorgeous as a summer’s day and then ups the ante by saying the youth is more impressive. This is a great compliment and establishes that the feelings that Shakespeare has for the young man far transcend those of friendship or admiration. His feelings for the youth are that of love.

The following lines offer explanations of why the comparison to a summer’s day is not good enough. Shakespeare begins to show all of summer’s imperfections, beginning with the example that rough winds come in May and disturb the darling flowers. May is a time in the year when the weather starts to warm up and flowers are in full bloom--- the very beginning of summer. Shakespeare again uses a force of nature when he speaks of the wind. The image suggested is that of the hot wind of May coming and blowing petals off of the beautiful flowers. In contrast, the wind may be a metaphor for problems and obstacles in life and how the young man is not affected by opposition--- that he cannot be shaken. “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May...” () The summer may have imperfections but the youth, by Shakespeare’s belief, does not. This seems contradictory, as the fact is that the youth is a human and all human beings are imperfect. Shakespeare is happily blinded by his love. In his eyes, the youth can do no wrong and he has no negative attributes. Like any person in love, Shakespeare puts the youth on a great pedestal. This again is an affirmation of the love that Shakespeare feels for the man.

Shakespeare continues in his explanation of the inadequacy of summer. It may be beautiful at times, but it is important to realize that it only lasts for a period of time during the year--- “And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. (4). This comparison implies that the youth’s beauty lasts all year long; there is no limit on it and there is no time clock ticking to end it. The issue of time is one of great importance in this poem. Shakespeare feels as though the youth is not subject to time or age. Summer’s glory and beauty may end, but the youth’s will not. His denial of the mortality of the youth proves that he does not see him as human, but as something greater.




Shakespeare expresses that the sun shines too much some days and it is too hot. Other days the sun’s face is hidden by clouds and it is overcast. His personification of the sun lends a hand to comparison. The sun is too hot, but the youth is, as before, temperate. The sun’s golden complexion may be hidden by clouds but the youth’s beauty and golden complexion are never hindered or hidden. There is great power in the comparison of the youth to the sun. Shakespeare believes that all the power the sun possesses, brilliance, heat, color, blindness, and life are nothing compared to the power and perfection of the young man. This belief again provides affirmation that like a God, the young man is greater than the source of light and life on earth.

“And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed” (7-8) By saying that every fair from fair declines, Shakespeare is saying that every beautiful thing, at some point, grows less and less beautiful and that it reaches the point when it can never be as beautiful as when it first came into being. All beautiful things will fall from perfection. Like summer, beauty has a time limit on it. This is not the case with the young man. His beauty will never dim, nor wilt like the flowers in the wind, nor lessen, nor be covered like the sun may be. He will always retain the state of perfection. Absolute perfection is another quality that makes the youth like a God.

The next line shows that beauty flails because of chance accidents or by the fluctuation of nature’s course. This again ties in to the idea that a summer’s day is unpredictable and subject to change. This again is not true for the youth. The youth is temperate and his perfection is untouchable. He is steadfast and reliable. He is immune from accidents or fluctuation. He is again, perfection.

At this point Shakespeare has finished explaining how summer is an inadequate comparison to the youth and begins to explain his promise to the youth. “But thy eternal summer shall not fade…” The eternal summer represents the eternity of the youth’s perfection. The eternal summer won’t ever fade and it will never lose its original beauty. This again affirms that the youth is not subject to time. He is immortal. He is God-like.

Shakespeare finally declares that the reason that the youth will always be immortal and in perfect state is death has no power over him. “Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade...” (11) Unlike Death’s eventual victory over every living thing, it will not have any affect on the youth. The reason for this being that the youth, in all his glory, will always and forever be captured in Shakespeare’s verse and because of these lines, the youth will remain immortal and will grow as time grows.

“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this give life to thee.” (1-14) This final part of Shakespeare’s promise to the youth explains that as long as man inhabits the earth, the verse will always exist, and because of the existence of the verse, the youth will live on forever in the words. His image and beauty will always be captured in time and because it is captured, he will remain immortal. The verse gives the youth a means for immortality and eternal existence because it transcends the time barrier. He is a god.

Through the intensity of the emotion of love that Shakespeare is able to express in his writing it is proven that he viewed the youth as godlike. He idealizes the young man by the description of his beauty. His writing is motivated by the love that he feels for the youth. He explains the youth’s perfection by comparing and contrasting the youth to a summer’s day. He explains that a summer’s day is as inadequate a comparison, as the language he uses is in his attempt to express all he feels for the youth. Through the verse and his use of symbolism and personification of aspects of nature, and of the youth, Shakespeare is able to fully utilize this comparison by morphs the youth into the “endless summer,” an ideal without flaw or imperfection. He shows admiration and adoration for the youth by denying the man have any faults. Shakespeare explains that the youth, unlike summer, is immune to time and aging and the fading of beauty, and therefore makes him immortal. He provides means for immortality and eternity though the verse he writes because the youth will still exist on paper, even after the youth is no longer part of the physical world. Shakespeare catapults the man into a creature of perfection, beauty, endless youth, immortality, and because of all these attributes, he is a god in his own right.





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dont go!

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- The Asian American Community is defined here as an instrumental and political one that stems from a shared racial location in the US. The impact of this social framework is evident in pan-Asian organizations, which tend to encourage solidarity among their diverse constituents by stressing shared racial interests.

- An emphasis on racial and political solidarity (as well as inclusionary boundaries) is also apparent in the following descriptions of Asian American Studies

- In highlighting shared racial fate, a strategy of Asian American Studies has been to emphasize a common historical past in the US.

- Asians also share a bond other oppressed groups of color.




-“ A bond” posed by racialization is the US

- The Term “Asian American Identity” encompasses on the one hand strategic politics, and on other limiting trap for the expression of diverse ethnic cultures.

- Incoming immigrants who are not US born citizens are posing a problem to the Pan-Asian Community

- By increasing the size and visibility of the Asian American population, post 165 Asian immigration has lent vigor and urgency to issued of the Asian American Community

- As the question The meaningfulness of the notion of shared racial interests and location that has guided pan-Asian activity.

- After 165, racial divisions within the Asian community started to arise, due to the fact most ‘Asians” at the time were very educated compared to there ancestors before. The question of whether a shared racial fate and location, determined what an “Asian” was came to life.

- A hierarchy of sort within the Asian community started to come about as well (classes)

- Ideas of racial agenda may seem especially problematic in the situations where class or occupational interests overlap with those of ethnic origin. Example 1 La riots, A lot of Korean businesses were destroyed. They have the highest rate of self-employment, a lot of them opened businesses in dominantly black populated areas, during 165 they facing barriers in the mainstream labor market. Koreans then said other Asian-American groups showed lack of interests in them.

- As suggested above, a primary and ongoing challenge to the racial interests framework of pan-Asianism stems from the competing ethnic-specific interests.

- Depending the interests of the group they turn to pan-Asian ties

-



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investment and business oppoetunities in malaysia

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Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the investment and business opportunities in Malaysia. We will do this by analyzing Malaysia’s economic factors and indicators. As a country inherited elements of democracy from its previous colonizers and its experience of gaining independence, Malaysia could be seen as one of the few Islamic majority democracies, and one of the few highly successful Islamic states. Currently around 4000 foreign companies are operating in Malaysia. Many of these companies have expanded and diversified their operations over the years, reflecting their continued confidence in Malaysia.

Summary

After analyzing the economic conditions and investing opportunities in Malaysia we came to the conclusion that, Malaysia’s with its favorable investment environment which includes such factors as political and social stability, supportive government policies, available and qualified labor, competitive cost structures, excellent infrastructure, quality of life, and a generally good standard of living, has been successful in attracting direct foreign investment and will continue to do so.




History

Malaysia was first mentioned in Chinese and Sanskrit records of the 7th and 8th centuries. In subsequent centuries the area was under the influence and loose control of various Thai and Indonesian empires, including the great Sumatra-based civilization of Sri Vijaya.

The city of Malacca, founded by a Sumatran prince at the beginning of the 15th century, became the center of an Islamic empire and was to remain the primary trading post between India and China for more than 00 years.

In 1511, the control of Malacca went to the spice-trading Portuguese. In 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese and ruled for 154 years. They used imported Dutch stone to construct distinctive pink buildings, many of which still stand.

The British established a thriving port in Penang in 1786 and took over Malacca in 175. The British, discovered tin, and moved inland. Kuala Lumpur, was founded at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers in 1864. The British began building colonial-style structures and made it the capital of the Protected Malay States.

Malay nationalism and desire for self-rule was felt around the 10s. A call for independence was made but the move was halted by the Second World War. Later, the movement resumed and independence was declared on the 1st of August 157.

http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html

In 16, Malaysia was formed, bringing together the states of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Singapore, however, left the federation in 165.

Today, Malaysia is a strong participant of the six-member Association of South-East Asian Nations -ASEAN-. This association, comprising Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore, was formed to promote regional growth and cooperation among member nations. Malaysia has since been prosperous and generally peaceful from 165. (www.planetgypsy.com)

Geography

Rightly known as a tropical paradise, Malaysia is situated 7 degrees north of the Equator in the heart of Southeast Asia. Malaysia covers an area of about 0,071 sq.km., occupying the Malay Peninsular and the states of Sabah and Sarawak in the north-western coastal area of Borneo island. The two regions are separated by about 51.1 km of the South China Sea. Peninsular Malaysia, covering 11,587.67 sq.km, has its frontiers with Thailand while East Malaysia, which consists Sabah and Sarawak, about 18,847.4 sq.km, border the territory of Indonesias Kalimantan. (www.planetgypsy.com)

Climate

Malaysia is the classic example of a wet tropical zone- hot and humid all through the year, with the temperature ranging between 1º C and ºC, and the humidity usually touching around 0%. As in all of South East Asia, the monsoons are an important feature of the climate- Malaysia has two monsoons, one in August-September and the other between November and February. The time to see turtles on the east coast is between May and September. (www.planetgypsy.com)

Religion

The different types of religion in Malaysia reflect the variety of races living there. Islam is the official religion but Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity and other religions are practiced freely. Islam is practiced predominantly by the Malays. Most of the Chinese believe in Buddhism and Taoism but others are Christians. Hinduism is mostly practiced by the regions Indian population. Many indigenous people have converted to Christianity but others still practiced animism. (www.planetgypsy.com)

Language

The national language in Malaysia is Bahasa Malaysia. English, Tamil, Chinese (in its different dialects- Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan and Foochow), Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi are the other languages spoken by different ethnic groups. In addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the main ones being Iban and Kadazan. English is widely spoken by the business community. Mandarin and Tamil are taught concurrently with Bahasa Malaysia and English in schools. (www.planetgypsy.com)

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Political Structure

Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a bicameral federal legislature and unicameral state legislatures. Nine of the 1 states have hereditary rulers (eight Sultans and one Rajah) who share the position of King (Agong) on a five-year rotating basis. The Kings functions are purely ceremonial since constitutional amendments in 1 and 14.

The governing Barisan Nasional (National Front) coalition comprises the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Gerakan - a Chinese-based party, and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), plus a number of other parties including some based in Sabah and Sarawak. This coalition, in which UMNO is the dominant voice, has been in power in one form or another since the first elected government in 155. At the November 1 general election, the governing coalition was returned to power with its two thirds majority intact. The four national opposition parties formed a loose coalition, Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front), and increased the number of opposition seats in federal parliament. The next federal election is due to be held by 004. (www.dfat.gov)

Economy

General

Malaysia is an export-oriented economy. In the past 5 years, it has developed rapidly from an agriculture-based economy to one dominated by intermediate manufacturing. Manufactures now account for about 8 per cent of exports, of which about 70 per cent are electrical and electronic products. Chemical and wood products make up the bulk of the remaining manufactured exports. Malaysia is also the worlds leading exporter of palm oil.

Malaysias strong economic performance in the 180s and most of the 10s was built on careful economic planning and management. The government has sought to divest itself of direct ownership in industry, and in the early 10s undertook an ambitious privatisation program. As a result of these reforms, Malaysia enjoyed strong inflows of foreign direct investment in the decade before the Asian economic crisis, further enhancing its industrialisation process. The government � directly, and indirectly through its agencies � still has significant interests in the top 10 listed companies on the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange. The Asian financial crisis impacted greatly on the Malaysian economy. Growth fell sharply and unemployment rose significantly. The government adopted a range of policy responses, including capital controls and the pegging of the ringgit at RM.80 to the US dollar. Non-performing loans worth nearly RM50 billion have been restructured since 18, and the government has injected new funds into the ailing banking industry. The Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee has overseen the successful restructuring of a further RM44 billion in non-performing loans. (www.dfat.gov)

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http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol

Recent Economic Performance

The Asian financial crisis followed a decade of high growth in Malaysia. Between 1 and 17, Malaysia sustained growth of around per cent per annum, with per capita income rising to among the highest in the region. In 18, the economy contracted by 7.4 per cent. From 1, capital control measures - introduced at the height of the economic crisis - were progressively eased in recognition of the need to restore foreign investor confidence. The RM/USD peg remains in place, but other capital control measures have now been abolished.

Malaysias economy recovered strongly in 1, achieving growth of 5.6 per cent. The turnaround was propelled largely by burgeoning exports and public sector spending. The economy grew by over 8 percent in 000 but slowed to 0.4 per cent growth in 001, reflecting weaker global economic conditions and decreased demand for exports in Malaysias key america and asian export markets. (www.dfat.gov)

The governments upward revision in September 00 of its 00 growth estimate (from .5 per cent to between four and five percent) proved accurate, with Malaysia recording a 4. per cent expansion on the back of growth in private consumption and positive export performance. Private consumption overtook manufacturing production as the main contributor to growth, expanding by 4.5% in 00. Analysts suggest that the upward trend in the Malaysian economy is based upon a number of favourable factors, including relatively low interest rates, rising incomes in the public and private sectors, greater access to credit and the governments expansionary fiscal policy.



Source Consensus Economics (March 00)

In 00, exports expanded by about 6%, while imports grew at 8.% in line with stronger domestic demand. The trade account maintained a sizeable surplus of RM50. billion in 00, slightly down from RM54.1 billion in 001.

http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol

The 00 budget (released in September 00) forecast growth of 6 to 6.5 per cent for 00, assuming export growth of 10.5 per cent. Recent forecasts are less optimistic, owing to the current slowdown in electronic shipments to the US. Consensus Economics forecasts growth of 4.8 per cent for 00. The 00 budget continues the inclination towards fiscal deficits since the 17 economic crisis. Government consumption and increased spending - particularly in the construction sector - have been crucial to ensuring positive growth in recent years. The government is targeting a fiscal deficit of . per cent of GDP for 00 and aims to achieve a balanced budget by 005. This target may prove difficult to realise in light of the softening US economy and the knock-on effects of military conflict in the Gulf. (www.dfat.gov)

Economic Policy

Since the early 10s, Prime Minister Mahathirs 00 Vision has underpinned Malaysias aspirations for economic development. The 00 Vision strives for an eightfold increase in GDP and achievement of “industrialised country” status by the year 00. The policy sets privatisation as a cornerstone of national development, whilst retaining an emphasis on foreign investment to sustain industrialisation.

The National Vision Policy (NVP), implemented in 001, replaces the New Economic Policy (NEP) (introduced in 16), and its successor, the National Development Policy (NDP). The 16 NEP was designed to eradicate poverty and advance the economic position of Bumiputras (sons of the soil, mainly Malays but also other indigenous groups). The NDP, implemented in 11 after the expiry of the NEP, incorporated most of the elements of the NEP, but placed greater emphasis on developing Bumiputra entrepreneurial skills. The NVP largely incorporates and updates these objectives. While the Governments target of 0 per cent Bumiputra ownership of capital has not been achieved, there has been a very significant shift in the balance of ownership, coinciding with the emergence of an influential new class of Bumiputra entrepreneurs. (www.dfat.gov)

Foreign Trade and Investment

Trade Policy regime

Malaysia has been a strong exponent of trade liberalisation and a supporter of the multilateral trading system. Malaysia participates actively in regional economic arrangements, including the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and APEC. Malaysia is also an active member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

In the AFTA context, Malaysia places a high priority on the early implementation of the common effective preferential tariff (CEPT) scheme which provides for concessional tariffs on intra-ASEAN trade. However, Malaysia continues to offer significant protection for its national automotive industry. In 000, Malaysia won a concession from other AFTA members for the non-application of AFTA to its automotive industry until 005. Malaysian market access for foreign service providers remains limited in the financial and professional services sectors. (www.dfat.gov)

http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol

Foreign Investment

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a large part in Malaysias development. FDI grew significantly throughout the 180s, averaging about 5 per cent of GDP. At its peak in 1 and 1, FDI accounted for 8.7 per cent of GDP. The bulk of FDI during the early to mid 10s flowed into the manufacturing sector (65 per cent), oil and gas (18 per cent), services (10 per cent) and property (7 per cent). However, FDI inflows have since slowed, falling to RM14.4 billion (4. per cent of GDP) in 000.

In recent years, strong competition from the labour-rich emerging markets of India and china and labour supply constraints have led to escalating pressure on wages in Malaysia. The government has sought to channel investment into high technology, capital-intensive manufacturing operations. The ultimate goal is to sustain increasing wage costs by managing the transition of the Malaysian manufacturing base from labour to capital-intensive that generates a higher level of value-added per employee. (www.dfat.gov)

Supportive Government Policies

Government policies that maintain a business environment with opportunities for growth and profits have made Malaysia an attractive manufacturing and export base in the region. The private sector in Malaysia is encouraged to become partners with the public sector in achieving the nations’s development objectives.

A major factor that has attracted investors to Malaysia is the government’s commitment to maintain a business envirnoment that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits. This commitment is seen in the government’s constant efforts to obtain feedback from the business community through channels of consultation such as regular government-private sector dialogues. These allow the various business communities to air their view and to contribute towards the formulation of government policies, which concern them.. (www.combinet.net)

Liberal Equity Policy

Generally, foreign investors in Malaysia’s manufacturing sector can hold 100% equity in projects, which exports atleast 80% of their production. However , currently, for projects applications received until 1 december 00, foreign investors can hold 100% equity irrespective of their level of exports, with the exception of certain products/activities where Malaysian SMIs have the capabilities. (www.combinet.net)

Employment of Expatriates

Foreign companies are allowed to employ expatriates in cases where certain skills are still lacking in Malaysia. A company with foreign paid-up capital of US$ million or more will be allowed five expatriate posts, including key posts, that is, posts that are permanently filled by foreigners. (www.combinet.net)

http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html

Attractive Tax Incentives

Malaysia’s company tax rate is attractive at 8% and is applicable to both resident and non-resident companies. Malaysia also offers a wide range of tax incentives for manufacturing projects under the Promotion of Investment Act 186 and the Income Tax Act 167. the main incentives are the Pioneer Status, Investment Tax Allowance, Reinvestment Allowance, Incentives for High Technology Industries and Incentives for Strategic Projects. (www.combinet.net)

Work Force

Malaysia offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at very competitive costs. Malaysia’s literacy rates are high at % and school leavers entering the job market have at least 11 years of basic education. Malaysia offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at costs competitive with ither countries in Asia. Backed by the government’s continued support of human resource development in all sectors, the quality of Malaysia’s workforce is one of the best in the region. In addition , labor productivity has grown steadly at more than 5% per annum over the last few years. (www.capstrans.com)

High Priority on Education

Education is accorded high priority in development with about 15% of total public development expenditure allocated for this purpose under Malaysia’s five-year development plans.

There are nine public universities, six private universities, about 600 government and private colleges, and several polytechnics and industrail training institutes which offer courses leading to certificate, diploma, degree and post-degree qualifications. Total enrolment in public institutions of higher learing alone is projected to reach over 50,000 this year, with more than half in the science and technical disciplines.

The private sector has also set up educational institutions to supplement the government’s efforts to generate a larger pool of professional and semi-professionals. Among these are institutions of higher learning set up by large corporations such as Telekom Malaysia Berhad, Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Petronas, which provide degree-level courses. Various private colleges in Malaysia offer degree programs on a twinning basis with overseas institutions of higher learing, while foreign universities have set up branch campuses in the country. (www.capstrans.com)

http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol

http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html

Industrial Training

In 1, the Human Resource Development Fund (HRDF) was launched by the government to encourage training, retraining and skills upgrading in the private sector. Manufacturers who contribute to this fund will be eligible to apply for grants to defray or subsidize costs incurred in training their workers.

The National Vocational Training Council under the Ministry of Human Resources coordinates the plainning and development of a comprehensive system of vocational and industrial training programs for all public training agencies. It also develops the National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) on a continuous basis. To-date there are more than 450 NOSS covering basic, intermediate and advanced taining levels.

Besides the increasing number of Training institutions such as techincal schools, polytechnics, industrial training institutes and skills development centers, to meet the growing requirements of the industrail sector, collaborative efforts between the Malaysian government, enterprises and foreign governments have resulted in the establishment of several advanced skills training institutes such as the German-Malaysian institute, Malaysia France Institute, Japan Malaysia Technical Instiute and Bristish Malaysia Instiute. (www.capstrans.com)

Industrail Relations

Industrail relations in the country are harmonious with minimal trade disputes. Malaysia’s Labor laws safeguard the interests and spell out the rights and responsibilities of employers and employees, thus providing a legal framework for the orderely conduct of industrail relations in the country. (www.capstrans.com)

Infrastructure

Network of Highways

Malaysia has one of the finest road systems in Asia covering 6,445 km. The 848 km expressway links major industrial areas and urban centers of the country. The East-West Highway serves as part of the Asian Highway System linking Thailand with Malaysia. The development of road infrastructure and the Network of highways gave a boost in the income levels. In 1, there were 5.4 million motor vehicles of which 8.6% were motorcars, 54.8% motorcycles and 6.6% goods vehicles. This increased by 50.5% to reach 8.1 million motor vehicles in 17, with motorcycles accounting for 5% of the total, followed by motorcars 40% and goods vehicles 7%. The number of motor vehicles per 100 populations, which is an indicator of the quality of life of the population, increased from 7.6 in 1 to 7.6 in 17. In 1 there was a 6.5 million rail passenger traffic, which by 17 reduced to 5.4 million. How ever there was an increase in air passenger from .8 million in 1 to 0.5 million in 17. (www.northport.com)

http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html

http//www.capstrans.edu.au/apec_report/_Malaysia.html

Efficient Seaport

The international trade in Malaysia is a sea borne trade. 5 % of the countries trade is by the seven international ports � Penang Port, port clang, Johor port, port of tanjung pelepas, kuantanport, and kemaman port in peninsular Malaysia and Bintulu port in Sarawak.

THE cargo arm of Malaysia Airlines has introduced a three-letter code for seven seaports around the country to enhance efficiency in the movement of the goods. The ports involved in the procedure are Kuching, Kuantan, Penang, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), Bintulu, Kota Kinabalu and Pasir Gudang. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) as a point of origin recognizes the three-letter code, which displays the abbreviated port of destination on e-way bills. Currently, it is only implemented in Port Klang under the abbreviated name of XPQ. With the confirmation, the seven ports will join Port Klang as a known destination for forwarders in the air and shipping industries. “Kuantan Port is well-known for being a chemical hub in the region. If they were to be a point of destination, it will open up many possibilities for the country. Malaysia may well be the point of origin for all sea-air links in Asean,” Malaysia Airlines senior general manager (cargo) Ong Jyh Jong. (www.northport.com)

International Airports

Malaysia has five International airports, including those at Kuala Lumpur, George Town and Kota Kinabalu and Sepang along with 15 Domestic airports and STOL Ports. Recognized as leader in multisystem integration Malaysian airport Technologies focus on quality has been unwavering. (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)

Projects under the 8th Malaysia Plan are as follows

Project Status Completion

New Tawau Airport, Sabah Completed 1 May 001

New Bintulu Airport, Sarawak In Progress September 00

New Limbang Airport, Sarawak In Progress May 00

Upgrading of Sibu Airport, Sarawak Planned -

Upgrading of Miri Airport, Sarawak Planned -

Upgrading of Alor Setar Airport, Kedah Planned -

Upgrading of Rural Airstrips - BaKelalan, Long Seridan, Long Lelang, Long Banga, Sarawak Completed 001

Perlis Air Strip (Microflight Aircraft) Planned -

Source http//www.mot.gov.my/english/Division.asp?div=100

High Tech Telecommunication

Malaysia has one of the most modern telecommunication systems in the Southeast Asia. Apart from the telephone service the department provides Telegraph and Telex services and facilitates communication for Broadcasting, civil Aviation, Police, Customs and fisheries. The telecommunication system is supported by microwave trunk telephone network linking all the cities. Communication between Peninsula Malaysia and Sabah and Sarawak are via satellite and the troposcatter system and by submarine cable enabling the operation of nationwide Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) and the expansion of television broadcasting services throughout the country.

Introduction of Industrial Parks

Industries in Malaysia are spread over 00 industrial estates or parks and 14 Free Industrial Zones (FIZs), which are developed throughout the country. These sites are fully equipped with infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity and water supplies, and telecommunications, are continuously being developed by state governments as well as private developers to meet demand.

FIZs are export-processing zones, which have been designed to cater to the needs of export-oriented industries basically for manufacturing and trading establishments that export 80 to 100 percent of their products. Companies in FIZs are allowed duty free imports of raw materials, components, parts, machinery and equipment directly required in the manufacturing process, as well as in the export of their finished products. In areas where FIZs are not available, companies can set up Licensed Manufacturing Warehouses (LMWs), which are accorded facilities similar to those enjoyed by establishments in FIZs. (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)

Introduction of Specialized parks

Malaysia has developed specialized parks to cater to the needs of specific industries. Such as the Technology Park Malaysia in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur and the Kulim Hi-Tech Park in the northern state of Kedah which cater to technology-intensive industries and R&D activities. The sprawling 1,450-hectare (,580-acre) Kulim Hi-Tech Park is the countrys first fully integrated high technology industrial park. The parks master plan emphasizes on quality of life in a self-contained environment, which incorporates industries, R&D facilities, and a new township with full amenities such as a shopping center, a hospital, educational institutions and recreational facilities. The first phase of its industrial zone covering 50 hectares (60 acres) has been fully leased, and tenants have started moving into the second phase. According to Kulim Technology Park Corporation (KTPC), the developer and manager of the park, a total investment attracted to the park has exceeded RM14 billion (US$.7 billion). (ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com)

http//ww0.malaysiamanufacturers.com/profitcentre/infrastructure.html#Airports

Business Environment

Malaysia has a mixed economy, comprising of an active private sector of multinational and indigenous businesses and a public sector with extensive involvement in business. The private sector in Malaysia is expected to play a dominant role in the country’s economy and in assisting the country to achieve the status of an industrialized nation by the year 00.

A market oriented economy and government policies that provide business with the opportunity for growth and profits have made Malaysia a highly competitive manufacturing and export base. The biggest advantage of Malaysia is the pool on young, educated trainable workforce. The use of English in Malaysia facilitates your communication with local personnel and suppliers. The country practices the British accounting system, which is acceptable to most international companies.

Framework of the Industry

The industry falls into three broad categories.

1. Indigenous small business, which are once largely concentrated in light industry as well as in wholesale and retail distribution and trading, have successfully moved towards small and medium scale industries (SMIs) through the governments umbrella strategy.

. Large Malaysian corporations, many of which are listed on Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The shareholders in these companies are largely institutional, with significant proportions held by government trust agencies.

. Local operations of multinationals, most of which are majority owned by their foreign parent corporation.

Chamber of commerce and industry

Newcomers to Malaysia’s business environment will feel at home with presence of various chambers of commerce and trade associations made up of investors from different countries. These organizations are invaluable sources for general business information, advice assistance, and compliment the role of government agencies. The major ones are

1. The Malaysian international chamber of commerce and Industry. (MICCI)

. Federation of Malaysian manufacturers (FMM)

. The Japanese chamber of trade and industry (JACTIM)

4. American � Malaysian chamber of commerce (AMCHAM)

Besides several trade associations such as the Malaysian � American electronics industry (MAEI) Group.

Banking and Finance

A well-developed financial and banking sector has enhanced Malaysia’s position as a dynamic export base in Asia. Sophisticated financial facilities are available through domestic and foreign commercial Banks. There are 7 licensed commercial banks in operation. Other financial institutions include merchant banks, retail finance and leasing companies, discount houses, development finance houses and the agricultural bank. The country’s law restricts ownership of banks and financial institutions.

Islamic Banking

As an alternative system, Malaysia offers Islamic banking, which is based on the concept of profit sharing as opposed to the use of interest in the conventional banking system. commercial banks, 18 finance companies and merchant banks were given approval for interest free banking in the year 14.

The central bank has embarked on a plan to develop Malaysia as a regional Islamic financial center. It has formed a consultative committee on Islamic banking in January 16 to serve as a think-tank group to develop strategies and proposals to map out the future directions on Islamic banking.

Specialized Financial Institutions

Malaysia has 40 finance companies, operating through 860 offices, which accepts retail deposits and provide financing for installments (Hire � Purchase) and leasing transactions and housing loans. 156 registered leasing companies serving mainly the industrial sector supplement the services of finance companies.

Source Doing Business In Malaysia � The price water house in Malaysia 16

Joint Ventures Partnerships and sole proprietorships



In addition to business activities conducted by companies, business may be carried on in Malaysia by a partnership or sole proprietorship. A partnership may consist of individuals or companies or a combination of both, but no more than 0 partners if it carries on a business for gain. An exception is made for partnerships in certain professions that have been specifically proclaimed to be excluded from the rule of membership limit. Partnership or sole proprietorship may be registered under the business registration act. Foreign investments do not commonly take for of sole proprietorships.

There is no specific statute that regulates joint ventures or defines the rights and obligations of the parties to the venture. A joint venture can take the form of a partnership, or it may be incorporated.

Restrictions On Foreign Investment

Malaysia recognizes its lack of experience and know-how in many fields of industrial endeavor and the valuable contribution that can be made in economic and industrial development by foreign industrialists. How ever the need for foreign technology and capital must be balanced against the ownership targets of the national development plan. In 11 the NDP replaced the New Economic Policy (NEP), sets out the guidelines and objectives of the governments policies on t he distribution of ownership and participation in the commercial and industrial sectors. The industrial act 175 requires all manufacturing companies to apply to the Malaysian industrial Development Authority (MIDA), an agency of Ministry Of International Trade and Industry, for permission to commerce or expand operations.

This act sets provides for the issue of manufacturing licenses, sets out conditions for BUMIPUTRA and other Malaysian participants.

Some of the conditions are

1. No equity will be imposed on companies that will export 80 percent or more of their production.

. For projects exporting between 51 and 7 percent of their production, foreign equity ownership of 7 percent may be allowed.

. For projects exporting between 0 and 50 percent of their production, foreign equity ownership between 0 to 50 percent will be allowed.

4. Projects less than 0 percent of their production, foreign equity of ownership 0 percent will be allowed.

Quality of life in Malaysia

Malaysia is one of the most friendly and hospitable countries in the world to live in and do business or work. Foreigners coming to this country to do business will not only have hospitable conditions for business, but also can enjoy the modern day facilities like very good living conditions, state of art healthcare and medical conditions, world class educational institutions, and also un surpassing recreational and sports facilities. The cost of such facilities in country like Malaysia is far less than in any of the western country or developed countries. The country is generally warm throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 1° to ° Celsius in the lowlands. This can however be as low as 16° Celsius in the highlands. (geographia.com/Malaysia)

Malaysia reflects different cultural traditions, including those of China, India, the Middle East, Europe, and the entire Malay Archipelago. Early Malay empires absorbed Indian influences, such as Hindu epics and the Sanskrit language. The kingdom of Malacca, centered in the present-day state of Melaka, developed as an Islamic state, or sultanate, in the 1400s. Later, new cultural influences from Europe and China mixed with Hindu and Islamic traditions.

A collective but distinctively Malay cultural pattern has emerged out of all these influences, with artistic expressions in literature, music, dance, and art forms. With such a mix of cultures, most Malaysians can speak two to three languages. Their mother tongue, Malay being the national language is spoken by almost everyone, and English (Mapzones.com).

http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/

Housing

There are several options for living in Malaysia - bungalows or freestanding homes, condominiums (apartments with extra facilities) and apartments (usually with limited facilities). Recently built condominiums in good areas include most of the following - pool, gym, lifts, 4-hour security service, adequate parking, convenience store and landscape gardens. Kuala Lumpur is no different from any other city in the world; location and facilities are all important. There are few natural attractions that make certain areas better for living - being inland, for example, there are no beach-side locations near to the city. The dress circle areas therefore tend to be based upon location with proximity to the CBD, all-important. Other popular upmarket suburbs have long been established and are very well equipped with plenty of amenities. Some indication of monthly rents in Kuala Lumpur. Modern, three-bedroom condominium, ,100 sq. feet in Bangsar - RM7, 500 and a two-bedroom condominium, 1,00 sq. feet in Bangsar - RM, 000. Semi-detached house in central area, RM4,000 to RM6,000 and detached house, central location and pool - RM,000 to RM15,000. By international standards, Malaysian housing is cheap. (expatkl.com)

Education

Education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16, and an additional two years of free education are optional. In 17, 101 percent of Malaysian children attended primary school. Parents may choose between Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, or Tamil as the language of instruction for their primary-school children. Bahasa Malaysia is the primary language of instruction in all secondary schools, although continued learning in Chinese and Tamil is available and English is a compulsory second language. Enrollment in secondary education was 64 percent in 17. Malaysia has a number of institutions of higher education, including nine universities.

Universities include the National University, in Bangi; the University of Technology, in Johor Baharu; and the University of Malaya, in Kuala Lumpur. Local school curricula are taught in Bahasa Malaysia (national language), Chinese, English or Tamil. There are international schools that use British, Japanese, Indonesian, American, Australian and French curricula. International schools come with a cost but the standards and facilities are high. The International schools are located in Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur, Ampang, and labuana. (Mapzones.com, expatkl.com)

http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/cultureindex.php

http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/educationindex.php

http//www.expatkl.com/housing1.php

http//www.expatkl.com/education.php

Shopping

Malaysia is a shopper’s paradise. There is a wide range of shopping establishments and modern air-conditioned shopping malls, department stores, handicraft centers, bazaars and night markets. Night markets or pasar malam begin their trading activities in the late afternoon. These open-air markets feature hawker stalls that sell a variety of local produce, foodstuff, clothing, traditional medicine vendors and cakes. Bargaining is a common practice. Bukit Bintang area is the oldest shopping center. This place has local and international goods such as clothes, fashion accessories, footwear, sports goods, electrical equipment, pharmaceutical products, computers and furniture.

Exploring Malaysias outdoor markets is pure adventure (and of course one can take home whatever they hunt - or bargain - down). The variety of bargain items that can be found in the major markets is endless, ranging from quality electronics to blowguns to traditional arts and crafts. Currently, the dollar goes a long way in Malaysia. (planetgypsy.com, geographia.com)

Lifestyle

Life in Malaysia is adventure. It offers an exceptional lifestyle especially for the people who love the outdoors. You can spend many exciting weekends at some of the beautiful places in Malaysia. There are clubs for almost any interest i.e. yachting and martial arts; and most daily newspapers often list the clubs and contact numbers for their activities. Most large national groups of expats have associations. Membership for expats are also offered by exclusive where they are assured of basic amenities like swimming pool, tennis / squash / badminton courts, pool tables, and some have their own golf courses or are at least affiliated to one. Because of its myriad cultural influences, Malaysia is renown for its creative, complex, and lovingly prepared original cuisine. Food is taken very seriously here, from the five-star restaurants right down to the hawkers booths. Sauces tend to be highly developed, often incorporating local fruits and spices, and the seafood dishes are what youd expect from a country almost entirely surrounded by ocean. (geographia.com, planetgypsy.com)

http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/shopping.html

http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/cuisine.html

Risk Factors

Short-term risk event

The growing influences of conservative Islam in Malaysia risks undermining the country’s image abroad as a progressive Islamic state as well as constraining domestic economic development. (home.aigonline.com)

Political risk

The delayed departure of the Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, from politics is proving destabilizing. Although Abdullah Badawi, the deputy president, has been appointed as his successor, uncertainty about policy continuity and speculation about the changing locus of political power will persist. (home.aigonline.com)

Economic outlook

The economy in 00-04 will expand more rapidly than in 00, when growth was an estimated .8%. A fiscal stimulus package is expected to help offset soft domestic and external demand in the early part of the year. The current account will remain in healthy surplus; foreign-exchange reserves will continue to rise. The currency is expected to remain pegged to the US dollar, although the Economist Intelligence Unit expects a shift away from the peg in late-004 as the US currency strengthens. (home.aigonline.com)

Debt outlook

The government will accumulate more foreign debt to finance its fiscal stimulus package, but debt servicing will remain manageable. (home.aigonline.com)

Policy Issues

Following the Asian economic and financial crisis in mid-17, the government abandoned its tight monetary and fiscal policies and adopted an expansionary strategy to revive the economy. On September 1st 18 the government introduced wide-ranging capital controls to gain greater flexibility in lowering interest rates, and pegged the ringgit at M$.80US$1. Since February 1 the government has eased most of these controls. The stimulative fiscal and monetary stance has remained basically unchanged since the 17-8 crisis. The government remains committed to the fixed exchange rate, and the weakness of the US currency has eased pressure for an adjustment of the peg. (home.aigonline.com)

http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,157,00.html

Conclusion

Malaysia’s success in attracting the foreign investment in capital-intensive, technology, and knowledge-based projects is the result of many factors. Malaysia with excellent Infrastructure, educated and efficient work force and retaining long-term policies and incentives that provide the confidence to businessmen that their millions of ringgit worth of investments would not be wasted due to change of policies after a change in government.

Malaysia’s location also makes it a logical choice for foreign corporations seeking to establish operational headquarters in the ASIAN region.

Appendix

Key Economic Indicators

1 000 001

Population .7 million . million 4.4 million

GDP RM1.8billion RM0.billion RM10 billion

GDP growth rate 5.8% 8.5% 0.%

Per capita income US$,8 US$,516 US$,000

Inflation rate .8% 1.6% 1.5%

Labor force . million .6 million . million

Unemployment rate .4% .1% .7%

Total exports f.o.b US$ 8.billion 8.1billion 4.4billion

Total imports f.o.b US$ 61.billion 77.billion 76.billion

Major Export’s electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals

Major Import’s electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel and iron and steel products, chemicals

Source cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook, Bank Negara Malaysia Annual report 000.

References

WWW.planegypsy.com

http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/history.html

http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/generalinfo.html

http//www.planetgypsy.com/destinations/malaysia/shopping.html

WWW.dfat.gov

http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html#pol

WWW.combinet.net

http//www.combinet.net/wldecnmy/Nov/recent.html

WWW.capstrans.edu

http//www.capstrans.edu.au/apec_report/_Malaysia.html

WWW.cia.gov

http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/my.htm

WWW.georaphia.com

http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/

http//www.geographia.com/malaysia/cuisine.html

WWW.mapzones.com

http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/cultureindex.php

http//www.mapzones.com/world/asia/malaysia/educationindex.php

WWW.expatkl.com

http//www.expatkl.com/children.php

http//www.expatkl.com/housing1.php

http//www.expatkl.com/education.php

WWW.home.aigonline.com

http//home.aigonline.com/country_view/0,4605,157,00.html



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Qualities The Classical perspective was set in the ninetieth and early twentieth century. The Classical perspective has three main categories which are Scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative principles which try to improve operations, organization structure and general practice.

Scientific Management focuses on operations and how to improve an organization. There are six key ideas which relates to scientific management which are observation, experiment, standardization, selection and training, payment by results and cooperation. These six key ideas came from Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-115) which he believed to improve employee’s work attitude.

Administrative this approach focuses on the whole business. Henri Fayol (1841-15) a French mining engineering introduced the fourteen principles of management here are four examples management roles which are Unity of Command, Division of work, Unity of direction and Scalar chain.

These headings try to enforce management in different areas, operations, organizational structure and general process of management in classical perspective.




Humanistic perspective “A management perspective that emerged around the late nineteenth century that emphasized understanding human behavior, needs, and attitude in the workplace”. (Understanding management 4th edition) There are three factors based on humanistic perspective which are human relation movement, the human resource perspective and the behavioral approach.



The human relation movement was introduced in the 185 when electricity was poor. By 10 electricity had improve but electric companies wanted to increase light to improve productivity. The Hawthorne studies begun in 14 at the Hawthorne plant of western Electric Company, where they did a number of experiments to demonstrate there argument. They found out that money did matter to employees because it got them to motivate. Also they found out that if managers treated them well the employee perform much better.

The Human Resource perspective is to meet higher level to get employees to reach there greatest potential to avoid lack of motivation. Douglas McGregor came up of the idea of two theories, theory X and theory Y. The theory X is based on classical perspective where employees put ideas together which did not go far enough. This make employees avoid there work and dislike it. Theory Y approach is more improved it allows employees to take more responsibility and exercise there self-direction and organize goals when they have chance. Today a few companies use theory X instead they use theory Y.

Finally Behavior Sciences (OB) is the study of employee’s behavior using scientific methods to find out what motivates employees. It obtains sociology, psychology, anthropology and economics. Gap is an example which uses behavior science approach when they train new managers to motivate there employees.

Management Science Perspective during World War II management came under a lot of changes. There were a lot of complex problems presented through managerial decision makers related to global warfare. Scientists and Mathematics was used to solve problems like moving vast amounts of weapons, equipment and large number of people. That’s why usually large organisations tend to have successful solutions. There are three aspects in management science such as operations research (OR), operations management and information technology (IT). Operation research consists of Mathematics which is used if there was a problem then it can interpret and carry out into management. Operation management is a field of management that focuses on in the physical manufacture of goods and services. It has a wide range of management techniques like forecasting, stock control and queue management. Information technology (IT) is the most recent tool used by managers. IT systems give you accurate information in a short time in a cost-efficient method. Also managers can use to help them estimate costs, project management and plan.

Bureaucracy approach is looking at the problem as a whole in managing. Max Weber (1864-10) a German theorist is good example of Bureaucracy he developed six elements which are division of labour, organization of position into hierarchy, people are assigned to positions, the management and ownership and all are subject to rules and procedures.



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A Book Report on The Alchemist By Paulo Coelho Submitted to Ms. K. Deshotel By Timothy

Zimmerman English IV AP(G) - hour 1 Northshore High School 0/1/000 Biography of Author -

Paulo Coelho was born in Rio de Janiero in 147 and before his career as a best-selling

author, he was a playwright, theatre director, hippie, and popular songwriter for some of




Brazils leading pop artists. In 186 he took a pilgrimage along that Road of Santiago

and this would be the center of the plot of the book, The Pilgrimage, which was published

in 187. His second book was named The Alchemist and was published in 188. This book has

gone to number one in countries and Coelho has been regarded as the most widely read

contemporary writers. The Alchemist was one of the top ten international best sellers of

18. His work has been published in more than 100 countries and is translated into

different languages. He has been awarded a variety of prestigious awards from many different

countries. He today lives in South America with his family. Main Characters - The Shepherd -

This was the boy through whose eyes the story was told. He followed his personal legend to

the fullest and never let up with his dream. He went all over the land and was able to realize

the treasure that he had been so close to in the beginning of the novel. The King - He was the

one that gave the shepherd the two stones that would supposedly help him whenever he had a

rough time deciding about what to do. He made the boy give him ten percent of his flock,

because you should never promise something that you dont have. The Englishmen - This was the man that the boy met on his trip to the pyramids. He was the one who turned the boy onto the idea of the alchemist and the masterwork. Before this he had never known of the alchemist and the great things that he could do in the world. The Alchemist - This is the man that he met in the desert and he helped the shepherd to lead the people from the danger that was imminent from the war. He also allowed the boy to follow his legend and realize his dream. Summary - The story begins when the shepherd boy stopped for the night in a church with a sycamore tree growing out of the middle. He told of the easy going life of the shepherd and how his parents had wanted to become a priest. He had attended all of the schooling, but had decided against it at the last minute. He had wanted to see the world and he felt that the best way to do this was to go and become a shepherd. He said that the life of a shepherd is easy and carefree and he felt like that this was the way that he wanted to spend his life. He was anticipating

seeing the daughter of a man who would buy the wool from his sheep when he arrived in the

town that he would come to in another couple of days. He thought that he might actually

settle down and get married to this girl if she would like to. He had been having a recurring

dream about him at the pyramids in Egypt. There he would be able to find all of the treasure

in the world and to realize what would come to be called his personal legend. So, the next

town that he went to he went to a fortuneteller and asked her if she could help him out of his

dilemma. She was unclear about what to do, but she made him promise to give him a percentage of

his treasure if he ever found it. When he left the fortuneteller, he went and sat in the park

where he would have been content to read his new book. He was not in a good mood for talking

with others when the old king approached him and tried to strike up a conversation with him.

He told the boy that everyone has a personal legend that he has to fulfill at some time in

his life. He tells him that his could be found at the pyramids because of the dreams that

he has been having lately. He tells him that he will help him if he will give him ten percent

of his herd, because you should never promise anything that you dont have yet. He sold all of

his sheep and he was given ummim and thummim, the two rocks that would help him make any

decisions that he was unable to make. He took to the road and traveled to the northern tip of

Africa. There he was setting off with all of his money in his pocket and set to a bar where he

didnt speak the same language as any of the people there. He was taken for a fool and all of

his money was taken in the first few hours. He stayed in the town for a while and he went into

a shop that sold crystal. He helped the man to clean all of the crystal and while he was there,

two people came in and bought crystal. The owner thought that this was a good omen and that he

should try to keep the boy around. Since he didnt have any money he stayed on for eleven months

and greatly improved the mans shop. When he finally left he had enough money to do with what he

wanted and he set off to fulfill his personal legend. He traveled to the pyramids by way of

northern Africa. About half way through his trip he came onto an oasis that was in the middle

of a war between two native tribes. The rules of war said that the oasis should be a safe

haven for all of the people that were traveling through the desert. This is where he met the

alchemist, the man that would help him to realize his personal legend. By going off into

desert at night, he learned all about the masterwork and the many things that he needed to do

in order to become a true alchemist. He began to have a dream about a group of rebels attacking

the oasis because they thought that the travelers would be taking up arms against them. The boy

went to the men who were in charge of the oasis and told them of the impending doom that was

coming onto the oasis. They didnt believe that this dream was an omen but they gave him one

shot. The rebels did attack and they were able to fend off all of the assailants. The boy was

hailed as a hero and he went off into the desert to seek his personal legend. Here he was

forced to make a decision about whether or not to leave behind the woman that he had met and

had decided to marry. He said that he would return later and he did. This was after he found

out about his treasure that he wanted for such a long time. He finally figured out that his

treasure was in the sycamore tree that was growing out of the middle of an old church. He

returned to his homeland and had his treasure intact and was able to live happily ever after.

Theme - The main theme of this novel was that you should follow your personal legend to the

fullest. Throughout his life the boy had been discouraged and could have given up on his dream.

But, this would have caused a void in his life. This is sort of like the old man who owned the

crystal shop, who would not take a pilgrimage because he would have nothing left to look forward

to in his life. When the boy was leaving though, he did decide to take the pilgrimage and

probably did not regret the fact that he had done something to prove his faith. The Boy faced

many obstacles in his lifetime but stayed true to what the omens had told him and also what his

personal legend had been. In the end he realized the legend and found what he thought to be

true happiness. Analysis - The thing that particularly annoyed me about this book was the fact

that was that the theme was ever changing. Within the main theme there were many other small

themes that helped to develop the main theme, but added to the confusion of the novel. The

thing that I liked about this book was that it was very straightforward and left nothing up to

the imagination. If I were to rewrite this book I would change it by adding in a little more

bad things that happen to the main character to show the real hardships that he had faced while

chasing his personal legend. If I would have had the opportunity to speak to the boy in the

book I would have told him that he should have stayed on at the crystal shop because he had a

good thing going and he could have made a lot of money and bought his own happiness and

realized his personal legend in his own rite. One thing that reminded me of another book that

I read was In the Lake of the Woods, because both of the main characters were trying to run

away from what had been in their lives to find something better. I would recommend this book

to anyone who was undecided about what their life was meaning to them. This book really gives

them insight about their lives and that someone is worried about them and that there is

something that they have to look forward to, like the crystal merchant.



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bradford and smith

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Bradford and Smiths Journeys

Bradford and Smith did similar jobs but their methods are opposite. Smiths life growing up, Bradfords, and differences are important to understanding the importance of these two men. They were men of statue with varying key differences.

Bradford was born in the Yorkshire community of Austerfield. He was 1 years old when the reading of scriptures began to cause great impressions upon him. He and the pilgrims decided to emigrate to America despite the dangers. Bradford once said all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and must be both enterprised and overcome with answerable courages.

Because John Smith was a proud and boastful man, its difficult to know which parts of his life are fact and which are fiction. Born in 1580 in Willoughby, England, John Smith left home at 16 when his father died. Restless in England, Smith became actively involved with plans to colonize Virginia for profit by the Virginia company. On May 1, 1607 the settlers landed at Jamestown ready to begin the taste of surviving a new enviroment. Attacks by the native Algonquian Indians made life virtually impossible.




Bradford and Smith present a different picture of the same pre-colonial land of New England. Smiths writing painted a colorful picture of the new land, where as Bradfords historical account shows early New England was not Heaven. Smith writes having Gods blessing industry would be easy to have without having any prejudice. Bradford, instead, writes about the men coming to the shore. Both Bradford and Smith tried to lure settlers to their colonies through their writings, the methods and styles they used varied with their personal beliefs and values. Smith attracted them with courage,

vigor, and an adventurous spirit while Bradford tried to appeal to Godly men.

Smiths life, Bradfords life, and the differences are important to understanding the men. They will be remembered forever for what theyve done and are a great part of American history.

Mind that the sample papers like bradford and smith presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

southwest airlines

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like southwest airlines even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like southwest airlines in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Ticketing was another area where Southwest was able to realize cost savings. Southwest was the first of the major carriers to offer electronic ticketing (e-tickets). Electronic ticketing costs $1 per ticket compared to estimated $8 for paper tickets. Much of that difference was in labor costs. Besides labor costs, E-tickets also helped Southwest economize on commissions to travel agents. Passenger traffic commissions accounted for only 5 percent of Southwest’s operating expenses compared to 8 percent for Delta and United Airlines. By 18, other major airlines had introduced electronic ticketing. Southwest, however, with over 60 percent of its passengers flying on e-tickets, still issued a far greater proportion of tickets electronically than other major airlines such as Delta who had reached 4 percent by mid 18.

Ticketing was another area where Southwest was able to realize cost savings. Southwest was the first of the major carriers to offer electronic ticketing (e-tickets). Electronic ticketing costs $1 per ticket compared to estimated $8 for paper tickets. Much of that difference was in labor costs. Besides labor costs, E-tickets also helped Southwest economize on commissions to travel agents. Passenger traffic commissions accounted for only 5 percent of Southwest’s operating expenses compared to 8 percent for Delta and United Airlines. By 18, other major airlines had introduced electronic ticketing. Southwest, however, with over 60 percent of its passengers flying on e-tickets, still issued a far greater proportion of tickets electronically than other major airlines such as Delta who had reached 4 percent by mid 18.

Ticketing was another area where Southwest was able to realize cost savings. Southwest was the first of the major carriers to offer electronic ticketing (e-tickets). Electronic ticketing costs $1 per ticket compared to estimated $8 for paper tickets. Much of that difference was in labor costs. Besides labor costs, E-tickets also helped Southwest economize on commissions to travel agents. Passenger traffic commissions accounted for only 5 percent of Southwest’s operating expenses compared to 8 percent for Delta and United Airlines. By 18, other major airlines had introduced electronic ticketing. Southwest, however, with over 60 percent of its passengers flying on e-tickets, still issued a far greater proportion of tickets electronically than other major airlines such as Delta who had reached 4 percent by mid 18.

While other airlines wondered how to address fears of terrorism and other threats, Neeleman comforted customers by acting quickly. With just one aircraft model, JetBlue was able to engineer new safety features much more rapidly than competitors after Sept. 11. It was the first to retrofit each of its planes with reinforced cockpit doors and onboard surveillance cameras.




But Neeleman knew he couldnt depend just on tight security and tasty junk food. To reach out to the 1 million people living within a 60-mile radius of New York City, he relies on Amy Curtis-McIntyre, a veteran of Virgin Atlantics marketing department, to develop ad campaigns that are high on creativity and snarkiness. A native New Yorker, shes primarily responsible for the hip image JetBlue has developed. He wanted cheap and cheerful, says Curtis-McIntyre. I wanted cheap and chic. We used to have job-threatening battles about how to approach advertising.

Ultimately, they compromised on cheap and cheeky. Billboards in New York promise Free TV With Every Purchase. In the Los Angeles area the company pushes flights to San Francisco with its From smog to fog advertisements. One spot, targeted at New Yorkers, depicts what a subway car might be like if it were a JetBlue flight. Crew members dance through the car inserting pillows under passengers heads, placing blankets over sleeping bodies, pouring coffee in the cup that a beggar is using to collect change, and so on. All the while, they dance with passengers and sing Put a Little Love in Your Heart. This approach is selling well among both New Yorks bargain-hungry and its most affluent, and its earned JetBlue a loyal and loving following. According to the airline, the majority of the tickets it sells out of New York are to people who live within the Upper East Sides 1001 zip code, Manhattans version of 010.

But is his brand of niceness enough to help JetBlue maintain its edge in the long run? After all, company values and all that sweetness are great when business is going your way. Labor costs are likely to rise if employees unionize in the next couple of years. Neeleman has tried to head that off with a package that gave employees 15.5% of their gross salary in profit sharing last year, but that may not be enough. Then theres the inevitable aging of its planes, which will need costly repairs. Weve factored those added expenses into our plan going forward, argues Rhoades.

Competition from other airlines is also looming, and each has its own take on cheap and cheeky. Delta launched its discount spinoff, Song, this month with daily flights to West Palm Beach from all three major New York City airports, perhaps gaining an edge over



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How I Want to Live My Life

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Veronica Encarnacion

ESL0-066

Essay#1/ Draft #

SEP 11,00




How I want to Live My Life



Everyone in the world has the right to choose how to live his or her life. I think that there are two kinds of people the ones that chose to live in a bad way doing terrible things such as stealing and killing. The other that chooses to live in a good way think about the well being of others instead, themselves. I’m one of that people who care about others and try to live follow the most important things that my parents taught me, these are love, respect and peace.

Love is the most important feelings in life. I have known it since I was a little girl because my parents made me feel it. They were the best parents in the world as they were always sharing my happiness and sadness. They tried to give me all the important things that I would need in life such as love and a good education. Even though they couldn’t give me material things because of their bad economic situation, I don’t feel that I missed something because they made me understand that the most important thing in life is love and when you have it you are capable to get all the other things that you could want.

Besides of the tremendous love that my parents gave me, they also taught me how to respect other people. They say that if you want to get other people’s respect, you must respect them. That is another value that I always try to follow in my life because I think that it is one of the reasons why our world is filled with hate. One sad example of this situation was the terrible attack on September 11,000 where thousands of innocents people died. Those men who did it never felt respect of human life, not only did those men not respect people’s life, we can see that also some powerful countries are doing the same thing. They invade other countries without respect their customs, ideas and opinions. That is one of the reasons why a lot of people in many countries are furious making terrorist attacks. I’m sure that when people learn how to respect others live those terrible attacks will stop. Then the magic word that is peace is going to appear.

Finally, I ‘m sure that I want to live my life using all the good things that my parents taught me. With them I will try to build a better world.



Mind that the sample papers like How I Want to Live My Life presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!