Pearl Harbour

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ʑPearl Harbor located on an inlet of the island of Hawaii. This is located 10 km (6 mi) west of Honolulu, and is one of the famous naval bases of the United States.


The United States government first started using the inlet in 1887 and


then was given the right to maintain and repair a coaling station for ships.


The harbor was surveyed but improvements were not made until after the


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United States obtained the Hawaiian Islands in 188. In the year of 111,


the work of extracting a wide channel from the sea, across the sandbar


and the coral reef at the mouth of the harbor was completed.


In the morning of December 7 141,the United States of America was


suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of


Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and was still in


conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the


maintenance of peace in the Pacific. One hour after Japanese air


squadrons had begun bombing in Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the


United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a


formal reply to a recent American message.


While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing


diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed


attack. Japanese submarines and carrier-based planes attacked the U.S.


Pacific fleet. Military airfields near Pearl Harbor also attacked by the


Japanese planes. Eight American battleships and 1 naval vessels were


sunk or badly damaged. Almost 00 American aircraft carriers were


destroyed, and approximately ,000 naval and military personnel killed or


wounded. The attack marked the entrance of Japan on the side of Germany


and Italy into World War II and the entrance of the United States on the


Allied side.


After the attack, the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt determined an


assignment of inquiry to determine whether disregard had contributed to


the success of the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor. The commissions report


found the naval and army commanders of the Hawaiian area, Husband E.


Kimmel and Major General Walter C. Short, guilty of “failure of duty” and


“errors of judgment”. The two men were afterward retired. Other later


inquiries, differed in their conclusions. The Congress of the United States,


in an effort to dispose of the conflict, decided on a full, public


investigation.


On February 1st , 141, Admiral James O. Richardson was officially


replaced by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel. Richardson was supposedly


removed because he strongly voiced his disagreement with the U.S. Pacific


Fleet spending any more time in Pearl Harbor then they already had.


Kimmel shared that view, and also wanted to keep his office, so he simply


kept his opinion to himself. The fleet’’s main objective while staying in


their new location, was to distract the Japan from South Asia by, capturing


the Caroline and Marshall Islands, disturbing Japanese trade routes and


defending Guam and Hawaii as well as the United States. Admiral Isoroku


Yamado, commander-in-chief of Japan’’s Combined Fleet devised a plan


that would protect the Japanese mainland from European invasion as well


as launch offensive maneuvers. He decided to attack Pearl Harbor and


Allied forces in Southeast Asia simultaneously, in an effort to demoralize


American forces. Yamado felt this was the closet way to get a peace


settlement.


The attack was carefully planned out and guidelines were established,


surprise was crucial, aircraft carriers were the primary targets to avoid


opposition, all types of bombing were to be used, it would be necessary to


refuel at sea and a daylight attack would be most affective. There was


much opposition from Japanese Naval General Staff yet the attack went on


as planned.


The political congressional committee opened its investigation in November 145. Testimony from many people reviewed all known information about the attack on Pearl Harbor. The committee reported its


findings in July 146. It placed the primary blame on General Short and


Admiral Kimmel, who were declared guilty only of errors of judgment, and


not of failure of duty. The committee recommended the join of the U.S.


armed forces, which occurred the following year. The USS Arizona National


Memorial site stands above the remains of the battleship in Pearl Harbor,


honoring the Americans who died in the attack.


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